Land use as a mitigation strategy for the water-quality impacts of global warming: a scenario analysis on two watersheds in the Ohio River Basin

This study uses an integrative approach to study the water-quality impacts of future global climate and land-use changes. In this study, changing land-use types was used as a mitigation strategy to reduce the adverse impacts of global climate change on water resources. The climate scenarios were based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2). The Thornthwaite water-balance model was coupled with a land-use model (L-THIA) to investigate the hydrologic effects of future climate and land-use changes in the Ohio River Basin. The land-use model is based on the Soil Conservation Service's curve-number method. It uses the curve number, an index of land use and soil type, to calculate runoff volume and depth. The ArcView programming language, Avenue, was used to integrate the two models into a geographic information system (GIS). An output of the water-balance model, daily precipitation values adjusted for potential evapotranspiration, served as one of the inputs into the land-use model. Two watersheds were used in the present study: one containing the city of Cincinnati on the main stem of the Ohio River, and one containing the city of Columbus on a tributary of the Ohio River. These cities represent two major metropolitan areas in the Ohio River Basin with different land uses experiencing different rates of population growth. The projected hypothetical land-use changes were based on linear extrapolations of current population data. Results of the analyses indicate that conversion from agricultural land use to low-density residential land use may decrease the amount of surface runoff. The land-use practices which generate the least amount of runoff are forest, low-density residential, and agriculture; whereas high-density residential and commercial land-use types produce the highest runoff. The hydrologic soil type present was also an important factor in determining the amount of runoff and non-point-source pollution. A runoff-depth matrix and total nitrogen matrix were created for Cincinnati and Columbus to describe possible land-use mitigation measures in response to global climate change. The differences in Cincinnati and Columbus were due to differences in geographic location, air temperature, and total runoff. The results of this study may be useful to planners and policy makers for defining the possible impacts of future global climate and land-use changes on water resources.     

Preconcentration and determination of trace copper(II) in natural water using silica gel modified with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

Trace copper (II) in water can be preconcentrated using silica gel modified with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) and be determined spectrophotometri-cally. The conditions for the preconcentration were studied. The method was applied to both artificial and natural water samples and the results suggest that copper (II) of ppb level in water can be measured accurately after the preconcentration.     

石化企业烟气脱硫技术选择和产业化建议

结合石化企业自备电厂锅炉的运行特点，分析当前各种脱硫工艺技术的适应性，提出发展循环镁法脱硫技术的必要性和迫切性，并对石化脱硫产业的健康发展提出建议。     

1995年全球自然灾害评析

１９９５年是自６０年代有系统资料以来全球自然灾害经济损失最大的一年。本文根据收集到的信息，对全年的全球自然灾害分布特点及灾情作了综合评析。     

基于GIS的长江中下游地区洪灾风险分区及评价

国内外近几年的发展表明,在所有可能避免和减轻自然灾害的措施中,最简单有效的方法就是通过在科学研究基础上进行风险区划,将自然灾害管理提高到风险管理的水平.在长江流域数字化地图的基础上,选取不同重复期(20,50,100年),及包括1870年历史洪水和1931,1935,1954,1991,1995,1996,1998,1999和2002年共10次洪水,借助Arcview地理信息系统的空间分析和叠加功能,对长江中下游地区的洪水灾害危险性进行了初步评价.首先参考洪水灾害淹没图和相关历史文献记录资料,构建10次洪水受灾县(市)分布图;其次对这10次洪水受灾县(市)分布图进行叠加,得到长江中下游地区洪涝灾害风险性评价图.分析表明:长江中下游地区洪水风险的分布是有规律的,而且具有明显的地理意义.有4个明显的高危风险区,分别是洞庭湖、鄱阳湖两湖平原的湖滨地区和公安以下的长江中游河段的沿江一带,尤其是荆江河段以及两江相夹地势低洼的江汉平原;沿高危风险区外侧为高风险地区,重点在汉江下游、资、沅、澧水、清江流域、皖沿江地区以及太湖流域的部分地区;沿长江于高危风险和高风险地区两侧分别为风险较小地区;其他地区对于洪水灾害而言则为安全地区.评价结果与长江中下游的实际情况基本吻合.     

铬渣解毒处理处置技术综述

简要介绍了国内外铬盐生产现状和铬渣堆存现状,对铬渣解毒处理处置技术的五大类方法进行了评述,着重对铬渣干法解毒处理处置技术进行了研究。分析了各方法的优缺点和存在的主要问题,提出了铬渣治理要求及今后的发展方向。     

活性污泥对甲醛废水的净化性能

采用微生物法处理低浓度甲醛废水达标排放是比较经济的方法之一.在研究中采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,考察了曝气时间、进水甲醛浓度、进水 pH 和水温对微生物净化低浓度甲醛废水的影响.结果表明,随着曝气时间的延长,活性污泥对甲醛的去除率增大.进水甲醛浓度在 40～120 mg/L 范围内,随着浓度升高甲醛污泥负荷增加,微生物对甲醛的降解速率增加,但对甲醛的去除率降低.活性污泥在 pH 为 5～7 的中性和弱酸性环境中对甲醛的降解速率较高.在15～35℃范围内,污泥对废水中甲醛的去除率随温度升高而上升,微生物对甲醛的降解速率随温度升高呈指数递增趋势.     

臭氧-活性炭组合工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液MBR出水

以垃圾渗滤液MBR出水为研究对象,采用臭氧-活性炭组合工艺对其进行深度处理。相比单一臭氧处理和单一活性炭吸附,臭氧-活性炭组合工艺能提高COD及NH3-N的去除率,并且显示出良好的协同作用。实验中利用三维荧光光谱和凝胶色谱对水质进行分析,同时考察了活性炭种类及预处理方式、活性炭用量、pH及臭氧浓度对COD及NH3-N去除率的影响。结果表明：pH=4.54、臭氧浓度为1.34 mg·min-1、活性炭投加量为10 g·L-1、臭氧处理时间为30 min、活性炭吸附时间为180 min,当垃圾渗滤液MBR出水COD为1 550 mg·L-1,NH3-N为75 mg·L-1时,经处理后,COD浓度为93 mg·L-1,NH3-N浓度为12 mg·L-1,COD的去除率达到94%,NH3-N的去除率达到84%,实现了垃圾渗滤液MBR出水的达标排放。pH对污染物的去除有较为明显的影响,高pH有利于NH3-N的去除,但是过高的pH不利于COD的去除。同时,提高臭氧和活性炭的投加量能明显提高COD及NH3-N的去除率。     

MnO2/Al2O3吸附草甘膦及微波紫外耦合降解再生工艺

以掺混煅烧法制备MnO2/Al2O3,并对草甘膦进行吸附,将吸附态草甘膦置于微波紫外耦合系统中进行降解和再生。研究并给出了MnO2/Al2O3的最佳制备条件、最佳吸附条件和微波紫外耦合降解再生的最佳工艺参数。MnO2/Al2O3最佳制备条件为MnO2质量分数15%,煅烧温度500℃,煅烧时间2 h。在常温下,MnO2/Al2O3对草甘膦的最大吸附量为75 mg/g。微波紫外耦合系统最佳工艺参数为功率500 W,时间25 min,空气量0.06 m3/h。在此操作条件下,MnO2/Al2O3的再生率达到85%,并且可以多次再生利用,草甘膦最终降解产物为二氧化碳、氮氧化物、磷酸和水,矿化率为65%。     

双分离层复合纳滤膜的制备及其性能

以改性后的聚丙烯腈(PAN)超滤膜为基膜,依次采用层层自组装(LBL)和界面聚合的方法制备了具有双层分离层的复合纳滤膜。以间苯二胺(MPD)为水相单体,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为有机相单体,聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为阳离子聚电解质,聚(4-苯乙烯磺酸钠)(PSS)为阴离子聚电解质,探索了LBL条件对双分离层复合纳滤膜性能的影响,考察了通过不同制备方法获得的纳滤膜对硫酸镁(MgSO4)的分离性能,得到了最佳的LBL制备条件：PEI溶液的浓度为1.00 g·L-1,pH为7;PSS溶液的浓度为1.00 g·L-1,pH为10,支撑电解质氯化钠(NaCl)浓度为1.00 mol·L-1,单一聚电解质(PEI或PSS)的沉积时间为20 min。与仅通过界面聚合法制得的聚酰胺纳滤膜相比,在界面聚合反应之前,先通过LBL沉积1.5层的聚电解质层时得到的复合纳滤膜分离性能优异稳定,在0.80 MPa的压力下,过滤2.00 g·L-1 MgSO4溶液时的通量为18.6 L·(m2·h)-1,截留率达到99.07%。