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Ben T. Hirsch 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):391-399
A variety of factors can influence an individual’s choice of within-group spatial position. For terrestrial social animals,
predation, feeding success, and social competition are thought to be three of the most important variables. The relative importance
of these three factors was investigated in groups of ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua) in Iguazú, Argentina. Different age/sex classes responded differently to these three variables. Coatis were found in close
proximity to their own age/sex class more often than random, and three out of four age/sex classes were found to exhibit within-group
spatial position preferences which differed from random. Juveniles were located more often at the front edge and were rarely
found at the back of the group. Juveniles appeared to choose spatial locations based on feeding success and not predation
avoidance. Since juveniles are the most susceptible to predation and presumably have less prior knowledge of food source location,
these results have important implications in relation to predator-sensitive foraging and models of democratic group leadership.
Subadults were subordinate to adult females, and their relationships were characterized by high levels of aggression. This
aggression was especially common during the first half of the coati year (Nov–April), and subadults were more peripheralized
during this time period. Subadults likely chose spatial positions to avoid aggression and were actively excluded from the
center of the group by adult females. In the Iguazú coati groups, it appeared that food acquisition and social agonism were
the major determinants driving spatial choice, while predation played little or no role. This paper demonstrates that within-group
spatial structure can be a complex process shaped by differences in body size and nutritional requirements, food patch size
and depletion rate, and social dominance status. How and why these factors interact is important to understanding the costs
and benefits of sociality and emergent properties of animal group formation. 相似文献
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Anouk N’Guyen Philipp E. Hirsch Irene Adrian-Kalchhauser Patricia Burkhardt-Holm 《Ambio》2016,45(3):280-289
Managing invasive species is a major challenge for society. In the case of newly established invaders, rapid action is key for a successful management. Here, we develop, describe and recommend a three-step transdisciplinary process (the “butterfly model”) to rapidly initiate action for invasion management. In the framing of a case study, we present results from the first of these steps: assessing priorities and contributions of both scientists and decision makers. Both scientists and decision makers prioritise research on prevention. The available scientific knowledge contributions, however, are publications on impacts rather than prevention of the invasive species. The contribution of scientific knowledge does thus not reflect scientists’ perception of what is essentially needed. We argue that a more objective assessment and transparent communication of not only decision makers’ but also scientists’ priorities is an essential basis for a successful cooperation. Our three-step model can help achieve objectivity via transdisciplinary communication. 相似文献
10.
Spohn P Hirsch C Hasler F Bruinink A Krug HF Wick P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(4):1134-1139
Since the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, these carbon nanospheres have attracted attention regarding their physico/chemical properties. Despite little knowledge about their impact on the environment and human health, the production of fullerenes has already reached an industrial scale. However, the toxicity of C60 is still controversially discussed.The aim of this study was to clarify the biological effects of tetrahydrofuran (THF) suspended C60 fullerene in comparison to water stirred C60 fullerene suspensions. Beyond that, we analyzed the effects on the Crustacea Daphnia magna an indicator for ecotoxicological effects and the human lung epithelial cell line A549 as a simplified model for the respiratory tract.We could demonstrate that water-soluble side products which were formed in THF nC60 suspension were responsible for the observed acute toxic effects, whereas fullerenes themselves had no negative effect regardless of the preparative route on either A549 cell in vitro or D. magna in vivo. 相似文献