利用Rb/Sr值、有机碳氮同位素及14C重建贵州喀斯特地区古环境变化

本文利用碳酸盐岩风化剖面土壤中Rb/Sr值、有机碳氮的稳定同位素值(δ~(13)C_(org)和δ~(15)N_(org))并结合~(14)C定年结果,讨论了贵州黔西南喀斯特地区晚更新世以来的植被和气候变化情况。结果表明:(1)晚更新世以来,研究区气候在千年尺度上经历了多个冷热、干湿循环过程,植被以C4植物为主;(2)研究区在14 750 a BP时期可能发生过较为极端的气候事件;(3)Rb/Sr值和δ~(13)C_(org)值可以用来指示古环境变化情况,高Rb/Sr值和高δ~(13)C_(org)值指示湿热气候,低Rb/Sr值和低δ~(13)C_(org)值指示干冷气候。     

黔西南喀斯特地区红色风化壳的物源及元素迁移特征

南方喀斯特地区广泛分布着大量的红色风化壳,其成因及形成机制目前还存在争议。本文以贵州黔西南布依族苗族自治州泥凼石林的两处红色风化壳剖面(ND和YK)为研究对象,来探讨风化剖面上覆红土的物源问题,并计算其主、微量元素及稀土元素的迁移规律,认为本研究两处风化壳上覆红土为下伏基岩原位风化形成的,而且两剖面土壤均继承各自基岩的地球化学特征,并由于pH、风化强度等因素的影响表现出了元素迁移特征上的差异性。     

石化企业的节水与废水资源化问题

讨论了石化企业如何充分利用水资源，不断提高节水意识。并结合石化企业的具体情况，用系统工程的分析方法，深入研究节水和水资源化的方法和途径。对这些问题，提出一些看法供大家参考。     

适用于中国燃煤电厂的汞监测及排放控制技术

随着GB 13223—2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》的颁布,汞排放问题正式列入了控制目标,这必将对燃煤电厂的环保设施提出新的更高的要求。在综述国外汞监测技术的前提下,总结脱硫脱硝污染物监测的经验,针对中国的具体情况分析了新形势下我国燃煤电厂汞监测技术的发展方向和关键技术的开发重点。同时分析了在最大化地利用燃煤电厂现有环保设施和设备的情况下,如何开发在今后一段时期内最适宜在我国广泛应用的汞排放控制技术,也对国内今后的政策发展进行了预测。     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,     

废弃中药渣催化热解制取生物油的研究

利用热重分析仪(TGA)对植物类中药渣的热解特性进行了研究,用Coats-Redfern积分法计算了其热解动力学参数,得出中药渣热解反应符合一级反应动力学方程,其活化能较低,为36.0kJ/mol。考察了热解温度对气体、液体、固体产物的影响,在723K时,液体产物生物油产率最高,为39%。以介孔分子筛SBA-15以及分别负载Al、Sn、Ni、Cu和Mg的SBA-15作为催化剂,研究催化热解对气体、液体、固体产率及生物油组分的影响。研究表明,Al-SBA-15的催化效果较好,液体产率最高,为36%;采用元素分析仪和热值测定仪,得到用Al-SBA-15作为催化剂时生物油的氧质量分数最低,低位热值最高。用GC/MS对生物油组分的分析结果表明,添加Al-SBA-15后,热解产物中脂肪族和芳香族化合物增加,而含氧化合物减少。     

Chemisorption and Physical Adsorption Roles in Cadmium Biosorption by Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of cadmium (Cd) adsorbed by microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C.reinhardtii). The kinetic and adsorption isotherm of the process could be well described by mathematical models. Chemical modification experiments and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that carboxyl and amine groups were the important functional groups for adsorption of Cd. The maximum contribution of physical adsorption in the overall adsorption process was evaluated as 5.5%...     

Characteristics of precipitation chemistry at Lushan Mountain, East China: 1992–2009

Introduction

Trends in precipitation pH and conductivity during 1992?C2009, and in ionic compositions from January 2007 to June 2009, are reported from Lushan Mountain, one of the highest mountains in mid-east China. Annual mean pH was in the range of 4.35?C5.01 and showed a statistically very significant (P?P?Results and discussions Over the period of study, Lushan Mountain received more rainfall in spring and summer. The pH values varied seasonally with winter minima. The winter multiyear seasonal mean pH was 4.35. The corresponding summer value was 4.88. SO ₄ ^2? and NO ₃ ^? were the main anions, and NH ₄ ⁺ and Ca²⁺ the main cations. The anion to cation ratio was 0.8?C1.0, and that of [SO ₄ ^2? ] to [NO ₃ ^? ] was 2.4-3.0, much lower than that of the 1980s. However, sulfuric acid was still the main acid present. The ratio of [NH ₄ ⁺ ] to [Ca²⁺] was about 1.0, suggesting that these two alkaline substances provided close acid neutralizing capacity. The ratio of [Cl^?] to [Na⁺] was about 0.67, somewhat lower than that of natural precipitation.

Conclusions

Ionic composition varied seasonally and was closely correlated to the amounts of rainfall and pollution. Trajectory analyses showed that the trajectories to Lushan Mountain could be classified in six clusters and trajectories originating from the South Sea and the areas surrounding Lushan Mountain had the greatest impacts on precipitation chemistry.     

采油废水中多环芳烃的生态风险评价

先利用C-18固相萃取小柱富集大港油田港东联合处理站污水处理站的采油废水中16种多环芳烃(PAHs,即萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽和苯并[g,h,i]苝),再用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)分析测定其浓度,以评价PAHs的去除率和生态风险。结果表明:(1)采油废水经处理后,COD、石油类去除率分别达到82.27%、91.06%;外排水COD、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978—1996)一级标准要求,优于中国采油废水处理的一般水平。(2)采油废水主要以2、3环的PAHs为主,约占总量的93%以上。(3)苯并[a]芘超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中限值。(4)处理前的采油废水中蒽、菲和苯并[a]芘具有一定的生态风险;处理后的外排水中萘、蒽、菲、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘的暴露浓度(PEC)/预测无效应浓度(PNEC)均小于1,目前尚未对环境造成威胁。但是8种PAHs(苊烯和苯并类PAHs除外)总和表现出较大的毒性,需要引起重视。     

脱氮吸附剂深度脱除模拟含氮油中氮化物的研究

将磷钨酸、甲醛气体负载于介孔分子筛SBA-15中制备脱氮吸附剂,其中SBA-15、磷钨酸、甲醛的质量比为10∶7∶3.以喹啉、吲哚和咔唑为目标氮化物,二甲苯及二甲苯和十二烷的混合液为溶剂配制模拟含氮油,考察了反应温度、氮化物类型对脱氮反应速率的影响以及磷钨酸、甲醛的脱氮机制.结果表明,磷钨酸可以有效脱除碱性氮化物和低浓度非碱性氮化物,甲醛能强化吸附剂对非碱性氮化物的选择性.在70℃、脱氮吸附剂与高浓度模拟含氮油质量比为2.0∶30.0的条件下,模拟含氮油中的氮化物在90 min内可以被深度脱除.磷钨酸对碱性氮化物的脱除机制为磷钨酸和碱性氮化物间的配合作用和酸碱反应,磷钨酸对非碱性氮化物的脱除机制为氮化物和甲醛在酸催化下缩合反应生成聚合物.反应吸附剂再生回用后的脱氮能力随氮化物碱性的增强而减弱.