印染行业清洁生产技术

论述了目前印染行业水污染的现状及原因，指出调整产业结构、应用新工艺、大力提倡节约用水、清沽生产将是印染行业实现可持续发展的必由之路。     

Photocatalytic oxidation of NOx gases using TiO2: a surface spectroscopic approach

The bandgap of solid-state TiO2 (3.2 eV) enables it to be a useful photocatalyst in the ultraviolet (lambda < 380 nm) region of the spectrum. A clean TiO2 surface in the presence of sunlight therefore enables the removal of harmful NOx gases from the atmosphere by oxidation to nitrates. These properties, in addition to the whiteness, relative cheapness and non-toxicity, make TiO2 ideal for the many de-NOX catalysts that are currently being commercially exploited both in the UK and Japan for concrete paving materials in inner cities. There is need, however, for further academic understanding of the surface reactions involved. Hence, we have used surface specific techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, to investigate the NOx adsorbate reaction at the TiO2 substrate surface.     

Affordable technologies for utilization of methane in a landfill environment: An example of an integrated technology array and evolving institutional networks

CARIBELATE, the Caribbean Environmental Laboratory for the Advancement of Technological Entrepreneurship is an evolving institutional concept, as well as a physical complex, that provides a dynamic environment for public, academic and private sector organizations to conduct proof of concept technology demonstrations in a landfill environment. This article traces the successful networking of demonstrations at a landfill in New Jersey and the subsequent design of the CARIBELATE project in the Municipality of Carolina, Puerto Rico. The institutional model developed for the Puerto Rico facility has brought together an unlikely combination of stakeholders. Those from the private sector, here called industrial partners, are paired with academic researchers to optimize products for local markets. The basic technology system demonstrated in New Jersey and to be replicated in Puerto Rico removes harmful contaminants from landfill gas and in so doing produces a variety of useful products. A portion of the landfill gas is utilized for micro‐turbine electricity generation and for heating a demonstration greenhouse that houses aquaculture coupled with hydroponic crop production, where aquaculture effluents are recycled as plant nutrients. A strict protocol to verify emission reduction is imposed on all the demonstrations at the CARIBELATE project. Although greenhouse gas credit verification is not the prime mission, it is suggested that the credits verified from these demonstrations are of high quality, and can serve as an excellent training platform. CARIBELATE is conceived to be operated at the municipal level and contribute to income generation and economic development. The continuing networking of stakeholders from the public and private sectors offers some potential guidance for replicating this design in the developing world.     

Contaminants evaluation of Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge in Kansas and Missouri,USA

At the new Marais des Cygnes National Wildlife Refuge in Linn County, Kansas, and Bates County, Missouri, USA, we evaluated long-lived contaminants before acquisition of the land for the refuge. We sampled sediments at 16 locations and fish at seven locations. The samples were analyzed for metals and for chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. Selected sediment samples also were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons. Arsenic concentrations in sediment samples from six locations were elevated compared to US norms, but arsenic was not detected in any fish composite. Mercury concentrations in largemouth bass from two locations were comparable to the 85th percentile concentrations in nationwide fish collections. Most sediment concentrations of other metals were unlikely to have detrimental effects on biota. No chlorinated hydrocarbons were detected in any sediment sample. Chlordane compound concentrations in fish composites from two sites at the eastern end of the sampling area were 0.127 and 0.228 μg/g wet weight, respectively, which are high enough to cause concern. Most aliphatic hydrocarbons detected were found at low concentrations and probably were natural in origin. We concluded that there are no serious contaminants concerns within the project area, but past use of arsenical pesticides may mean a legacy of elevated soil arsenic levels in parts of the area and some use of banned pesticides such as chlordane and DDT likely is still occurring near the refuge.     

Reproductive effort in Adélie penguins

Summary We estimated reproductive effort (energy expenditures for reproduction, as opposed to maintenance) in Adélie penguins breeding at Palmer Station, Antarctica. Data on body composition changes and metabolic rate were obtained using isotopic methods. Adelie breeding behavior consists of an initial courtship stage (during which both sexes fast), incubation, the guard stage (when chicks are 1 to 18–28 days old), and the creche stage (from the end of guarding until chicks are 28–45 days old). Both males and females lost considerable mass during the initial stages of the reproductive season, but males fasted longer and lost more mass. Mass losses of both sexes consisted of 66% depot fat and 34% lean tissue. Mass and body composition remained constant once birds resumed feeding. The metabolic expenditure for the foraging necessary to accumulate the mass lost while fasting — one component of reproductive effort —was about 63 MJ in males and 39 MJ in females. Field metabolic rates (FMR) were low during courtship and while incubating, increasing more than 2-fold when birds resumed foraging. Although mean FMR increased between incubation and the creche stage, differences between stages were small and not significant. We used FMR data and an energy balance model to estimate the cost of feeding chicks. Results suggest a maintenance FMR of about 2.7 × basal metabolism (BMR), increasing to 3.4–3.6 × BMR during the creche stage. The reproductive effort (as metabolic expenditures) associated with feeding chicks is 31 MJ (males) to 36 MJ (females). Cumulative reproductive effort is 94 MJ in males and 75 MJ in females, or 5.3–6.2% of the annual energy budget. The reproductive effort devoted to chick care does not appear to be constrained by physiological or time limitations. Instead, selection to reduce the risk of predation may prevent the evolution of increased parental care. Correspondence to: M.A. Chappell     

应用时间-活动模式估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平

将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NO_x暴露水平. 分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NO_x)及个体24 h NO_x暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平. 交通工具中的NO_x暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NO_x)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NO_x暴露水平为0.041 mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.002　6±0.013　0) mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义 (t0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NO_x暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.