Concentrations,spatial distribution,and pollution assessment of heavy metals in surficial sediments from upstream of Yellow River,China

Surface sediments were collected from 122 sites in the upstream of the Yellow River, China. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Cd in sediments was investigated to explore the spatial distribution based on statistics and interpolation method. The results suggested that the concentrations of heavy metals were lower than potential effect levels (PEL). The samples above threshold effect level (TEL) for Pb and Zn were less than 10%, while almost 50% of samples for Ni exceeded PEL. Pb and Zn in sediments performed little or no adverse effects on the aquatic ecosystems. Higher concentrations of all heavy metals occurred in Qinghai and Gansu sections; the concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Zn were significantly higher than the Inner Mongolia section. Lower concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Zn appeared in Qinghai section; the concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, and Pb manifested relatively steady and similar distributions and approximately decreasing tendency along the upstream of Yellow River.

     

基于变异性范围法（RVA）的河流生态流量估算

河流生态系统的生物组成、结构和功能依赖于河流水流的天然动态变化特征,即河流水文情势。变异性范围法（Range of Variability Approach,RAV）被广泛应用于评估河流生态系统是否得到维护。将RVA法的思路扩展到生态流量的计算,提出了一种简便、立足整体河流水文情势的生态流量估算方法。该方法使用均值与RVA阈值差计算了生态流量值,为维持河流健康生态系统提供支持。将该方法应用于南水北调西线一期工程中泥曲河的生态流量估算,得到引水坝址仁达处年可调径流量为6.44亿m3,与其他生态需水估算方法的结论基本一致。另提出了可支配系数反映河流流量可调用状况。南水北调西线一期工程计划从泥曲调水8亿m3·a-1,从RVA法的理念来看,该方案对仁达至朱巴河段的生态系统将构成威胁,需谨慎实施。     

池州的生态旅游业

本文简要地介绍了贵池生态旅游的几地性,分析了池州地区发展生态旅游得天独厚的优势和条件,探讨了池州发展生态旅游业的对策,提出了发展生态旅游业是池州可持续发展之路。     

阿拉善地区沙尘暴的统计分析和发生规律及防治对策

通过对阿拉善地区沙尘暴历史资料的分析和对该地区大气环境空气质量总悬浮颗粒物年变化规律及沙尘暴发生期间的TSP数据分析。统计分析了该地区沙尘暴形成规律 ,发生原因 ,追踪沙尘暴源地 ,提出有效防治对策 ,控制来自环境的沙尘源     

镉胁迫下蓖麻对镉及矿质元素的富集特征

目前中国农田遭受镉污染的情况日益严重。蓖麻(Ricinus communis L.)是一种能源作物,同时对镉有较高的耐性和富集能力,因此利用蓖麻资源为合理利用镉污染农田提供了一种可行的途径。在温室条件下(5~32℃)采用盆栽试验,设定2个镉质量分数梯度(2.396和5.396 mg·kg-1),研究镉胁迫下30种蓖麻品种茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)吸收和富集特征,以及矿质营养元素与镉富集的相关性。结果表明:镉在不同组织的分布情况为茎叶果实,铝、钼、硫、锰和铁在不同组织的分布为叶果实茎,钙和镁在不同组织的分布为叶茎果实,铜、锌和磷在不同组织的分布为果实叶茎。在低镉质量分数(2.396 mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为0.600~1.670、0.310~1.970和0.130~0.909 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.030、0.831和0.362 mg·kg-1。在高镉质量分数(5.396mg·kg-1)处理条件下,茎、叶和果实中镉质量分数变化范围分别为1.012~4.032、0.698~3.514和0.227~1.525 mg·kg-1,平均值分别为1.964、1.583和0.694 mg·kg-1。蓖麻茎、叶和果实对镉和矿质元素(铝、钼、铜、钙、锌、硫、磷、镁、锰和铁)的富集受蓖麻品种和土壤中镉含量的显著影响。钙、硫、镁、铁的积累与镉的吸收呈显著正相关关系;锌、锰、铜、磷的积累与镉的吸收呈显著负相关关系,而铝、钼的积累与镉的吸收无显著相关关系。因此,合理调控污染土壤中矿质元素的含量可以提高蓖麻对镉污染土壤的修复效率。     

调蓄池在排水系统中的研究进展

城市排水系统是城市非常重要的一个组成部分。中国大部分城市的旧城区采用的是合流制排水系统,新建区域则多规划采用分流制排水系统,调蓄池在各排水系统中起着重要的作用。本文探讨了调蓄池在国内外的发展、调蓄池的功能及设计方法,并介绍了中国调蓄池的研究及应用状况,指出调蓄池可有效削减排水系统雨季污水排放量,并改善排放水质,从而改善了城市水体环境。文章最后对调蓄池的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

泗顶铅锌矿塌陷地生态环境灾变链式机制及灾害环境整治

引入了矿山塌陷地生态环境灾害链理论。结合泗顶铅锌矿地面塌陷引发的各种灾害,认为生态环境破坏主要包括土地、气候、水和人工生态环境破坏,地面塌陷是其主要灾害源,相应衍生出5种生态环境破坏次生灾害链。对其衍生的不同灾种之间及同一灾种不同单元体之间的相互作用机理进行了研究,共分7种灾变链式机制,并基于生态恢复对地面塌陷灾害分4类进行治理,共治理地面塌陷坑280个,同时将其划分为城市农业景观功能区和经济林景观功能区,恢复农业耕种用地(旱地)24.2 hm2,恢复经济林用地8.47 hm2。结果表明,所进行的生态环境灾变链式机制的研究是可行的,可为矿山地面塌陷灾害整治设计工作提供理论依据和新的分析思路。     

Recycling of valuable chemicals through the catalytic decomposition of phenol tar in cumene process

The base catalyst LZ-2, which was the mixture of CaO and Na–NaOH/Al₂O₃·3H₂O, was chosen for the decomposition of phenol tar to generate valuable chemicals. The selectivity of LZ-2 for dimethyl phenyl carbinol, α-methyl styrene dimer and cumenyl phenol was 100%, 100% and 98%, respectively. Under the optimum operating conditions of catalyst 2.5 wt%, operating temperature 603.15 K and decomposition time 3.5 h, decomposition ratios of cumenyl phenol and dimethyl phenyl carbinol were 98.7% and 99.97%, respectively. In addition, the experimental repeatability demonstrated that the total yield of valuable chemicals still reached 90.1% after the catalyst being used five times. Mass and energy balance indicated that the catalytic decomposition was a high potential for the recycling of chemicals from phenol tar.     

Emergy Assessment of a Wheat-Maize Rotation System with Different Water Assignments in the North China Plain

Sustainable water use is seriously compromised in the North China Plain (NCP) due to the huge water requirements of agriculture, the largest use of water resources. An integrated approach which combines the ecosystem model with emergy analysis is presented to determine the optimum quantity of irrigation for sustainable development in irrigated cropping systems. Since the traditional emergy method pays little attention to the dynamic interaction among components of the ecological system and dynamic emergy accounting is in its infancy, it is hard to evaluate the cropping system in hypothetical situations or in response to specific changes. In order to solve this problem, an ecosystem model (Vegetation Interface Processes (VIP) model) is introduced for emergy analysis to describe the production processes. Some raw data, collected by investigating or observing in conventional emergy analysis, may be calculated by the VIP model in the new approach. To demonstrate the advantage of this new approach, we use it to assess the wheat-maize rotation cropping system at different irrigation levels and derive the optimum quantity of irrigation according to the index of ecosystem sustainable development in NCP. The results show, the optimum quantity of irrigation in this region should be 240–330 mm per year in the wheat system and no irrigation in the maize system, because with this quantity of irrigation the rotation crop system reveals: best efficiency in energy transformation (transformity = 6.05E + 4 sej/J); highest sustainability (renewability = 25%); lowest environmental impact (environmental loading ratio = 3.5) and the greatest sustainability index (Emergy Sustainability Index = 0.47) compared with the system in other irrigation amounts. This study demonstrates that application of the new approach is broader than the conventional emergy analysis and the new approach is helpful in optimizing resources allocation, resource-savings and maintaining agricultural sustainability.     

风浪流共同作用下海上风电基础与海床的动力响应分析

我国近海风资源丰富,但由于海洋环境条件的复杂性,开发利用近海风资源的规模和效益受到很大的制约;而风、波浪和海流等作为近海主要环境荷载对近海风机的正常运行起到决定性作用。采用谐波叠加法模拟得到近海风电场的风荷载时程,利用Morison方程和非线性波浪理论推导了波浪荷载和波流荷载的计算公式,最后根据Turkstra准则将风浪流荷载进行叠加组合,建立风浪流荷载共同作用下海上风电基础与海床动力相互作用的三维有限元计算模型。基于此模型,针对不同荷载组合条件下风机塔筒的水平位移、竖向应力以及基础的水平位移、桩身弯矩、桩身剪力等进行了动力分析,同时对风浪流荷载共同作用下桩基础周围海床的超孔隙水压力响应进行了计算分析,讨论了不同的荷载参数对海床超孔隙水压力的影响。结果表明:风荷载对风机塔筒顶端水平位移、塔底应力影响较大,波流荷载对风机基础顶端水平位移、桩身弯矩、桩身剪力影响较大,而波浪荷载则对海床孔隙水压力影响较大。可取最大风荷载和最大波流荷载叠加波浪荷载时程的组合为最不利组合方式。