紫木凼金矿开采过程中的环境效应:2.污染趋势分析

主要对紫木凼金矿区CN- 、As、Hg、Pb、Zn五个污染项目进行了趋势分析和污染预测。氰化物虽然是剧毒污染物 ,但它具有很强的自净降解作用 ,对矿区的污染影响不大 ,只是对于废液池的清洗外排必须先治理后排放。建立了As、Hg、Pb、Zn在各个污染途径中的定量分配模式。该模式表明 ,开采过程中As、Hg、Pb的大部分 ( 64 %以上 )进入废液池外排 ,其余的进入矿渣。在此基础上 ,对这些元素从 1 989年到 2 0 0 0年的开采总量、进入废液、土壤、积水坑的分量进行了计算 ,并给出了在堆场下伏粘土中各元素的饱和吸附量和开始外排的时间。     

生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化组合工艺运行特性及蛋白质源污泥增量研究

为实现污水处理的深度脱氮除磷及蛋白质源污泥增量,进行了生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化组合工艺处理城镇污水的试验研究.结果表明,生物吸附池可以快速富集进水中的大部分有机物,COD平均去除率为55.1%,剩余污泥采用厌氧发酵方式处理,用于生产优质碳源.通过组合工艺系统中的硝化、硫自养反硝化及铁屑除磷作用,出水氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到1、5和0.4 mg·L~(-1)以下.优质碳源投加到MBR工艺段,碳源环境的改善使得污泥增长率从0.17 g VSS/g COD提高至0.49 g VSS/g COD,进水中总氮的同化比例从40%提高至59%.此外,污泥中蛋白质及氨基酸含量也显著增长,增长率分别为18.3%和19.7%.组合工艺在获得高排放标准水质的同时,实现了高蛋白质源污泥的增量,可为污泥资源化利用提供优质原料.     

Decontamination of Cr(VI) facilitated formation of persistent free radicals on rice husk derived biochar

PFRs were produced on biochar during Cr(VI) decontamination. PFRs formation on biochar was owing to the oxidization of phenolic-OH by Cr(VI). Appearance of excessive oxidant led to the consumption of PFRs on biochar. Biochar charred at high temperature possessed great performance to Cr(VI) removal. This study investigated the facilitation of Cr(VI) decontamination to the formation of persistent free radicals (PFRs) on rice husk derived biochar. It was found that Cr(VI) remediation by biochar facilitated the production of PFRs, which increased with the concentration of treated Cr(VI). However, excessive Cr(VI) would induce their decay. Biochar with high pyrolysis temperature possessed great performance to Cr(VI) removal, which was mainly originated from its reduction by biochar from Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. And the corresponding generation of PFRs on biochar was primarily ascribed to the oxidization of phenolic hydroxyl groups by Cr(VI) from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis, which was further verified by the H₂O₂ treatment experiments. The findings of this study will help to illustrate the transformation of reactive functional groups on biochar and provide a new insight into the role of biochar in environmental remediation.     

基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的无线闭塞中心风险评估*

为客观地对无线闭塞中心进行风险评估,建立基于博弈赋权物元和证据理论的评估模型,根据故障树分析法识别的风险因子构建评估指标体系,采用博弈论思想对直觉模糊层次分析法计算的主观权重和熵权法计算的客观权重进行最优组合,进而确定综合权重。运用物元理论和证据理论确定各指标的风险等级和系统整体风险等级,并通过实例分析对评估模型进行对比验证。结果表明:无线闭塞中心整体风险等级为“可容许的”,与实际情况相符。其中,系统外部通信故障的风险等级为“不期望的”,需要对其相关设备加强风险控制。     

基于污染物超低排放与蛋白质源污泥增量的污水处理工艺对比研究

为了实现污水处理的深度脱氮除磷及蛋白质源污泥增量,分别采用生物吸附/A~2O和生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化工艺进行对比试验研究.结果表明,生物吸附工艺可以快速富集进水中的大部分有机物,剩余污泥采用厌氧发酵方式处理,用于生产优质碳源.两套污水处理工艺均获得了优质水质,出水氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到5、7和0.4 mg·L~(-1)以下.优质碳源投加到A~2O和MBR工艺段,碳源环境的改善使得污泥增长率和氮的同化比例显著提高,第4阶段污泥产率分别达到0.59和0.49 g·g~(-1)(以每g COD产VSS量(g)计),氮的同化率分别达到66%和59%.此外,污泥中蛋白质及氨基酸含量也显著增长,A~2O工艺段增长率分别为34.7%和31.2%,MBR工艺段相应的增长率分别为19.7%和18.3%,实现了蛋白质源污泥的增量,为污泥资源化利用提供了优质原料.     

傍河型渗渠取水水质安全评价研究——以海浪河某水源地为例

在一些特殊的河段或地形条件下,渗渠取水在供水安全保障方面发挥着重要作用。运用内梅罗污染指数法对海浪河某傍河型渗渠水源地附近的河水水质、渗渠运行期间的渗渠水水质,以及渗渠停用后渗渠周围地下水水质进行了对比分析,结果表明,渗渠运行期间河水的水质综合评分在1~2之间(Ⅱ类水),同期的渗渠水水质综合评分在0.5左右(Ⅰ类水),在渗渠停用后周围地下水水质综合评分在2左右(Ⅲ类水);可见,渗渠水质优于河水。因此,在适宜地段合理布设渗渠,可进一步保障供水安全。     

两株氢噬胞菌的萘降解特性分析

对两株分离自内蒙古乌梁素海的氢噬胞菌X32和X12的培养条件和萘降解特性进行研究。实验结果表明:菌株X32和X12的最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为30~35℃,最适盐度w(NaCl)为1%;当初始萘质量浓度为3 500 mg/L时,对数生长期的菌株X32对萘的降解活性可达53.9 nmol/(mg·min),而菌株X12可达34.8 nmol/(mg·min);菌株X32在培养48 h后进入稳定期,60 h时萘降解率达91.43%;菌株X12在培养60 h后进入稳定期,90 h时萘降解率达93.93%。氢噬胞菌X32和X12是两株具有较高应用价值的多环芳烃降解细菌。     

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

Poor biodegradability and insufficient carbon source are discovered from influent. Influent indices presented positively normal distribution or skewed distribution. Average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin was as high as 0.458 kWh/m³. Energy consumption increases with the increase in influent volume and COD reduction. The total energy consumption decreases with the NH₃-N reduction. The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods. The influent ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total nitrogen (TN) of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution, whereas chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), suspended solid (SS), and total phosphorus (TP) showed positively skewed distribution. The influent BOD₅/COD was 0.4%–0.6%, only 39.2% SS/BOD₅ exceeded the standard by 36.3%, the average BOD₅/TN was 3.82, and the probability of influent BOD₅/TP>20 was 82.8%. The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m³. The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5 × 10⁴ m³ in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m³. A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH₃-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction, and the higher the pollutant reduction is, the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents. In addition, a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction. Therefore, upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.     

新型组合工艺深度去除DOM及其对低温运行的响应特征

我国城镇污水处理厂进水具有碳氮比低、可生化性差等特性,显著增加了污水处理厂稳定达标运行的难度.为应对我国特殊进水水质,本文研发了基于生物吸附-两级AO-活性焦吸附的高效污水处理组合工艺,分析了各工艺段溶解性有机物（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）和氮磷的去除特性,并对低温条件下组合工艺的响应特征进行解析,为该工艺的工程应用提供理论依据和技术支撑.结果表明,组合工艺经过60 d的连续运行,出水TN和TP平均浓度分别为8.5和0.25 mg·L^-1,平均去除率分别高达80.5%和95.5%.此外,活性焦对于污水中大分子芳香族类和环烷烃类DOM的去除效果较好,两级AO出水中芳香族类、环烷烃类和卤代烃类DOM的比例由50.23%降至10.24%.生物吸附工艺段菌群多样性较高,具有快速富集有机物能力的Acidobacteria菌门相对丰度达到10.23%.两级AO工艺菌群丰度和多样性略低,其中相对丰度较高的微生物为具有脱氮除磷功能的Proteobacteria菌门（79.39%）和Nitrospirae菌门（6.5%）.在5℃低温条件下,组合工艺出水TN、TP和COD等主要水质指标未出现显著波动,表明组合工艺具有良好的抗低温影响能力.对比常温运行中的菌群分析结果,低温环境下两级AO工艺段的Proteobacteria菌门相对丰度由66.22%降至54.27%,但具有抗低温等不利条件的Gemmatimonadetes菌门相对丰度由0.72%升高至9.67%,且生物吸附工艺段仍存活大量具备降解有机物功能的Acidobacteria菌门,有效缓冲了后段工艺处理负荷,使组合工艺具有良好的抗外界干扰能力.     

装备资源性评价研究

从装备资源性以及装备资源性评价的相关概念出发,提出了装备资源性评价的基本原则。在此基础上,通过对装备全寿命周期各个阶段进行分析,选出对装备资源性影响较大的因素,进而提出装备资源性评价的主要内容以及相关评价指标,为后期装备资源性评价的实施提供理论支撑。