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Klaschka Ursula Kolossa-Gehring Marike 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):44-52
Goal, Scope and Background Fragrance preparations or perfumes are used in an increasing variety of applications, as for example washing, cleansing, personal
care products, consumer goods or in applications to modify indoor air. However, up to now, little is known to the general
or scientific public about their chemical identity and the use pattern of single substances, not even for high production
volume chemicals. Some toxicological data are published for a comparatively small number of substances with a focus on sensitisation
and dermal effects, while other effects are neglected. Information on ecotoxicity and environmental fate are rare, especially
for long-term exposure. Data for a detailed hazard and risk analysis are available in exceptional cases only. According to
the current legal situation, fragrance industry is self-regulated, which means that pre-market risk evaluation is not required
for most fragrances.
Odour and the ability to smell play a major role for wildlife for all taxonomic groups. Reproductive and social behaviour,
defence, communication and orientation depend on volatile compounds which can be identical to those used in fragrance preparations.
Our interdisciplinary approach leads to the question of whether and, if so, to what extent anthropogenic fragrances may influence
life and reproduction of organisms in the environment.
Main Features Information from literature on use, exposure and biological effects was combined to analyse the state of knowledge. Following
an overview of the amounts of fragrances used in different consumer products and their release into the environment, the roles
of odours in nature are shown for a selection of compounds. Existing regulation was analysed to describe the data basis for
environmental risk evaluation. Finally, recommendations for further action are derived from these findings.
Results Three main results were elaborated: First, fragrance substances are continuously discharged in large amounts into the environment,
especially via the waste water. Second, there are some indications of negative effects on human health or the environment,
although the data basis is very thin due to the self regulation of the fragrance industry and the regulatory situation of
fragrance substances. Third, many odoriferous substances used by man are identical to those which are signal substances of
environmental organisms at very low concentrations, thus giving rise to specific mode of actions in the ecosystem.
Recommendations For the adequate risk assessments of fragrances, test results on their unspecific as well as their specific effects as signal
substances are needed. This would imply prioritisation methods and development of useful test methods for specific endpoints
for appropriate risk assessments. Before a comprehensive testing and evaluation of results has been finished, a minimization
of exposure should be envisaged. Eco-labelling of products containing acceptable fragrance ingredients could be a first step
and provide consumers with the respective information. Transparency concerning the fragrance ingredients used and their biological
potency will help to build up confidence between producers and consumers.
Conclusions and Perspectives The interdisciplinary approach, bringing together chemical, biological, toxicological and ecotoxicological data with information
provided by manufacturers and with legal and consumer aspects, offers new insights into the field of fragrance substances
used in consumer products. The amounts and application fields of fragrance substances increases while fate and effects in
the environment are hardly known. The current legal situation is not suited to elucidate the effects of fragrances on human
health and the environment sufficiently, especially as it was shown that fragrances may play a considerable role in the ecosystem
on the behaviour of organisms. According to the precautionary principle, the lack of knowledge should best be tackled by reducing
exposure, especially for compounds such as fragrance substances where no ethical reasons object a substitution by less hazardous
chemicals.
ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Thomas Knacker (th-knacker@ect.de) 相似文献
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Schmidt G Pesch R Schröder W Conrad A Kolossa-Gehring M Feigenspan S Dobler L Wiesmüller GA Birke M Utermann J 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(4):399-408
This study aimed at statistically investigating the association between the internal exposure of children and young adults
to uranium (U) and epidemiologically relevant external determinants of exposure. The investigation was performed with data
from two studies within the framework of the German health-related environmental monitoring program: The German Environmental Survey for Children (GerES IV) conducted by the Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) with data on 1,780 children 3–14 years of age and their home environment and the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB, section: human specimens) with data on 2,253 students 20–29 years of age. Both studies provided data on the U levels in human urine for all probands.
GerES IV furthermore provided an extensive environmental and demographic database on, e.g., U levels in drinking water. The
data from GerES IV and ESB were linked by GIS to spatially relevant exposure information, including background values of U
in stream sediments and in upper and lower soils, U levels in mosses and particulate matter in the lower atmosphere, precipitation
and elevation as well as forest density. Bivariate correlation analysis and two decision tree models showed moderate but significant
associations between U in human urine and U levels in drinking water, stream sediments and upper and lower soils. Future investigations
considering additional epidemiologically relevant data sets may differentiate the results. Furthermore, the sample design
of future environmental epidemiology studies should take the spatial evaluation of the data into greater account. 相似文献
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