好氧MBBR处理含吲哚废水的工艺优化试验研究

为了处理制药企业废水中吲哚类有机污染物,采用好氧MBBR(移动床生物膜反应器)工艺对含吲哚废水进行了试验研究,通过考察HRT、曝气量、吲哚冲击负荷等工艺条件对吲哚、COD和NH_4~+-N等去除效果的影响,确定了好氧MBBR反应器的最佳工艺条件。实验结果表明,在HRT在6~18 h变化时,MBBR工艺对吲哚去除率在8 h以上时达到100%,COD去除率在8 h达到89.65%,而NH_4~+-N去除率在12 h达到最高。在曝气量为0.1~0.12 m L/min时,MBBR工艺对COD和NH_4~+-N去除率分别为88.88%~92.95%和65%~66.83%。进水吲哚浓度25~65 mg/L变化时,好氧MBBR对吲哚去除率保持在100%,而对COD和NH_4~+-N去除率也保持在80%和40%以上,表明好氧MBBR工艺在处理难降解有机污染物方面具有显著优势。     

Diversity of crude oil-degrading bacteria and alkane hydroxylase (<Emphasis Type="Italic">alkB</Emphasis>) genes from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The aim of this study was to survey the response of the microbial community to crude oil and the diversity of alkane hydroxylase (alkB) genes in soil samples from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The enrichment cultures and clone libraries were used. Finally, 53 isolates and 94 alkB sequences were obtained from 10 pristine soil samples after enrichment at 10 °C with crude oil as sole carbon source. The isolates fell into the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, with the dominance of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. The composition of degraders was different from polar habitats where Acinetobacter sp. is not a predominant responder of alkane degradative microbial communities. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the alkB genes from isolates and enrichment communities formed eight clusters and mainly related with alkB genes of Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, and Acinetobacter. The alkB gene diversity in the QTP was lower than marine environments and polar soil samples. In particular, a total of 10 isolates exhibiting vigorous growth with crude oil could detect no crude oil degradation-related gene sequences, such as alkB, P450, almA, ndoB, and xylE genes. The Shannon-Wiener index of the alkB clone libraries from the QTP ranged from 1.00 to 2.24 which is similar with polar pristine soil samples but lower than that of contaminated soils. These results indicated that the Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Rhodococcus genera are the candidate for in situ bioremediation, and the environment of QTP may be still relatively uncontaminated by crude oil.     

Variation of low molecular weight organic acids in precipitation and cloudwater at high elevation in South China

To investigate the sources and chemical behaviors of carboxylic acids in Southern China, precipitation and corresponding cloudwater samples were collected in an acid rain-prone area of Mount Heng. The carboxylic acid levels in the samples were measured, and the concentration patterns were evaluated with respect to temporal and seasonal variations. Formic and acetic acids were predominant among the carboxylic acids identified for both precipitation and cloudwater. Most of the organic acids in the precipitation had a clear seasonal pattern, reaching higher levels during the warm season; these higher levels were attributed to the stronger source strength of biogenic emissions during this season. The cloud–fog samples did not display a similar trend. A distinctive diurnal pattern in carboxylic acids was only observed in the precipitation samples during the warm season. In cloud–fog, the ratio of formic to acetic acid differed considerably with time, with these values varying little in the precipitation samples. This result indicates that the organic acids in precipitation originate consistently from primary sources throughout the entire period, while those in cloud are mainly associated with direct emissions in the earlier stage and with secondary sources in the later period.     

我国西南四省(区)大气煤基PAHs排放系统动力学分析

由于未来相当长时期内煤炭在我国的主体能源地位不会改变,全国许多地区均可能面临持续的大气煤基PAHs污染.为此,本文选取PAHs污染相对严重但缺乏足够关注的广西、四川、贵州与云南4个西南省份作为研究对象,基于煤基PAHs排放、能源消耗与经济发展之间的相互作用关系,利用系统动力学方法构建了一套综合评估模型,并将其应用于分析不同情景下西南四省(区)煤基PAHs排放的动态变化.结果表明,在维持情景下,未来10年煤基PAHs排放相对增长率的省份次序为:广西(44.54%)贵州(29.44%)云南(26.37%)四川(-2.19%).经过产业与能耗结构的调整,四川和云南在规划情景下的相对增长率分别比维持情景减少了27.17%和20.88%,这两个省的减排效果最大.同样的情况,贵州与广西仅分别减少了7.32%和5.52%,仍保持较快的增长趋势.要实现煤基PAHs的有效减排,各省份需实施有针对性的调控政策.云南应同时考虑工业源与生活源控制政策,四川应减少工业源排放量,广西和贵州应在进一步优化产业与能耗结构的基础上分别采取工业源和生活源控制政策.总体而言,系统动力学方法适用于分析非常规大气污染物的复杂动态变化,可为当地政府提供科学调控区域经济-能源结构-环境质量之间发展关系的政策参考.     

北京市秋冬大气污染传输特征遥感研究

综合地基遥感、卫星遥感与地面监测数据对北京市2016年10月—2017年3月的污染来源及传输特征进行分析,并结合气象数据对污染形成的气象条件进行研究.结果表明,冬季重污染发生频率最高,2016年12月和2017年1月发生频率均超过30%.平缓型污染以本地来源为主,单峰型和多峰型污染由本地污染与区域传输共同导致.平缓型和单峰型本地污染集中在北京中南部,多峰型扩散至全市.区域传输方向均以西南为主,单峰型和多峰型存在东南传输.单峰型以1次传输为主,多峰型均为多次传输.传输层的高度差异较大,但均在0.3～0.5 km高度存在低空传输层,并且存在高于1.0 km的高空传输.平缓型、单峰型和多峰型污染的垂直延伸高度分别为0.5、0.7和1.0 km.研究污染发生时的气象条件,发现污染发生时风向均以西南风为主,发生频率高于60%,其次为东南风.相对湿度和消光系数随污染等级提升逐渐升高,当相对湿度高于70%时,多峰型污染消光系数高于2.0 km~(-1)的频率达到63.33%.3种类型污染发生时的逆温频率均高于75%,高强度的贴地逆温是造成本地污染的成因之一.     

热休克、Poly I:C上调草鱼GRP78基因表达

葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)是细胞内一种应急蛋白,它通过对细胞内、外胁迫因子产生强烈的应答而调节内质网稳态.草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)GRP78克隆于草鱼肝肾cDNA文库,全长2 490 bp.其中,5'非编码区为155 bp,含有7个热休克元件,3'非编码区为373 bp,最大开放阅读框为1 962 bp,编码653个氨基酸.序列分析表明,草鱼GRP78的N端包含3个HSP70家族的签名序列,C末端为内质网蛋白滞留信号KDEL,草鱼GRP78与人及其它动物的同源性很高.适应性进化分析也显示GRP78非常保守,受到强烈的功能约束,说明该蛋白质在进化中非常重要.RT-PCR分析表明,相对于本底水平,34℃热激和Poly I:c诱导后,草鱼GRP78在肝、肾等组织巾的表达明显上调.图4表1参16     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

Production of a newly isolated Paenibacillus polymyxa biocontrol agent using monosodium glutamate wastewater and potato wastewater

A phyllosphere bacterial strain EBL-06 was isolated from wheat leaves. The morphology, cultural characteristics, phospholipid fatty acids, physiological and antagonistic fungus activities of this strain were investigated. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rDNA sequences of the relevant bacteria. The results showed that the isolate EBL-06 was a strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa; this strain performed a high level of antagonistic fungus activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Fusarium spp. The isolate EBL-06 can grow well using monosodium glutamate wastewater (MGW) and potato wastewater (PW) as culture medium. The maximum yield of 6.5 × 10 9 CFU/mL of the isolate EBL-06 anti-fungus biocontrol agent was reached in 15 hr cultivation at 28°C, pH 6.0–7.5 using the mixture of MGW and PW (1:9).     

底泥耗氧速率的测定方法比较

在对实验室法和现场法测定底泥耗氧速度（SOD）的步骤和操作参数综述中，对于实验室测定法。从底泥采样，测定容器，实验底泥厚度，上覆水，测定培养条件，溶解氧测定方法，溶解氧测定时间和测定间隔，空白样的测定以及SOD的计算等方面作了介绍；对于现场测定法，从测定容器，测定水力条件，溶解氧测定方法，空白水样的测定，溶解氧测定时间和测定间隔，SOD的计算方法等方面作了介绍，最后在原理，技术和费用上对以上2种方法加以比较。     

生物法去除西洋参中有机氯农药

从西洋参种植土壤中分离到一株高效有机氯农药降解细菌,将该菌制成固体菌剂,应用于田间试验,实验结果表明,对3a生西洋参的1a生长期内BHC总量的降解率达36.27%～49.90%,DDT总量的降解率达25.19%～35.61%。