霍式理论下民法典环境权入法路径研究

环境权作为一项新兴权利,各科学者都投入大量的实证分析研究,然而环境权内涵模糊使得该权利难以正式列入民法典“权利家族”中。究其原因,主要是环境权相关理论阙如,而以往的代际公平理论、环境正义理论、公共信托理论、可持续发展理论过于宏观而难以解决权利私人化的困境,而人权理论对于环境权的法定化作用有限。因此,亟须新的理论为环境权入法提供相关支撑。霍菲尔德法律关系理论中对于“权利”一词的特殊解读和对权利、义务、责任、特权、权力等概念间的基本法律关系进行的严密论证可以为环境权的间接入法提供有益作用。本文认为,应该将环境权解释为一项具体对人权,而将人身权解释为一项宽泛意义上的对人权,以形式逻辑论证将其纳入其中,同时从法律概念间的相关关系、相反关系,从义务、责任、特权等路径论证环境权间接入法的可行性,从而实现环境权的早日入法。     

利用磷化渣配制复合磷化液

采用固体废物磷化渣配制成复合磷化液,并用所配制的复合磷化液对A3钢试件进行磷化处理,形成磷化膜。通过正交实验确定了配制复合磷化液的较佳配方为：磷化液基础液加入量0．2L／L、氧化锌加入量5g／L、碳酸钠加入量6g／L、硝酸加入量12．5mL／L、浓磷酸加入量2．5mL／L、硫酸铜加入量0．3g／L。复合磷化液为浅绿色透明溶液,pH为4．0,总酸度为40,游离酸度为10,磷化温度为65℃,磷化时间为300～600s。所形成的磷化膜厚度为16．0μm,单位质量为26．875g／m^2,粗糙度为1．425μm,维氏硬度为124．27kgf／mm^2。磷化膜硫酸铜点滴时间为35s,耐盐水时间为8h,耐盐雾时间为4h,其物理性质和耐蚀性能均较佳。     

Trees as brokers in social networks: Cascades of rights and benefits from a Cultural Keystone Species

Indigenous trees play key roles in West African landscapes, such as the néré tree (Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R.Br. ex G.Don). We applied social–ecological network analysis to understand the social–ecological interactions around néré. We documented the benefits néré provides and the multiple social interactions it creates amongst a large range of actors. The flows of rights over the trees and benefits from them formed two hierarchical networks, or cascades, with different actors at the top. The two forms of power revealed by the two cascades of rights and benefits suggest possible powers and counter-powers across gender, ethnicity, and age. We documented how the tree catalyses social interactions across diverse groups to sustain vital social connections, and co-constitute places, culture, and relationships. We argue that a paradigm shift is urgently needed to leverage the remarkable untapped potential of indigenous trees and Cultural Keystone Species in current global restoration and climate change agendas.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-022-01733-z.