怀4井气汞固体潮观测中的两个关键环节

本文在数字化地下流体化学组分的观测中,认为热水井的脱气和脱气后的气体干燥是两个关键环节。我们在怀4井的气汞观测中,经过多次试验改进较好地解决了这两个环节。2004年以来,观测资料稳定,并清晰地记录到了固体潮形态。     

锰印迹半胱氨酸-壳聚糖对低浓度Mn~(2+)的选择性吸附

以滴液成球法制备的壳聚糖凝胶球为基体,依次通过Mn2+印迹,交联和半胱氨酸接枝合成了Cys-Mn-CCTS-1、Cys-MnCCTS-2 2种吸附树脂,通过SEM扫描、FTIR光谱对材料的结构进行了表征,并进行了低浓度Mn2+的静态吸附实验。研究表明,两种吸附材料对Mn2+去除率均达到70%;在干扰离子Ca2+和Mg2+总浓度达到200 mg/L时,Cys-Mn-CCTS-2对Mn2+的去除效率仍达到71.7%,表现出了一定的抗干扰能力;当Co2+、Mn2+共存时,Cys-Mn-CCTS-1和Cys-Mn-CCTS-2对Mn2+的吸附容量随Co2+浓度增大而减小,Co2+对后者影响相对更大。     

Water‐Yield Reduction After Afforestation and Related Processes in the Semiarid Liupan Mountains,Northwest China1

Abstract: The increase of coverage of forest/vegetation is imperative to improve the environment in dry‐land areas of China, especially for protecting soil against serious erosion and sandstorms. However, inherent severe water shortages, drought stresses, and increasing water use competition greatly restrict the reforestation. Notably, the water‐yield reduction after afforestation generates intense debate about the correct approach to afforestation and forest management in dry‐land areas. However, most studies on water‐yield reduction of forests have been at catchment scales, and there are few studies of the response of total evapotranspiration (ET) and its partitioning to vegetation structure change. This motivates us to learn the linkage between hydrological processes and vegetation structure in slope ecosystems. Therefore, an ecohydrological study was carried out by measuring the individual items of water balance on sloping plots covered by different vegetation types in the semiarid Liupan Mountains of northwest China. The ratio of precipitation consumed as ET was about 60% for grassland, 93% for shrubs, and >95% for forestland. Thus, the water yield was very low, site‐specific, and sensitive to vegetation change. Conversion of grassland to forest decreased the annual water yield from slope by 50‐100 mm. In certain periods, the plantations at lower slopes even consumed the runon from upper slopes. Reducing the density of forests and shrubs by thinning was not an efficient approach to minimize water use. Leaf area index was a better indicator than plant density to relate ET to vegetation structure and to evaluate the soil water carrying capacity for vegetation (i.e., the maximum amount of vegetation that can be supported by the available soil water for an extended time). Selecting proper vegetation types and plant species, based on site soil water condition, may be more effective than the forest density regulation to minimize water‐yield reduction by vegetation coverage increase and notably by reforestation. Finally, the focuses in future research to improve the forest‐water relations in dry‐land areas are recommended as follows: vegetation growth dynamics driven by environment especially water conditions, coupling of ecological and hydrological processes, further development of distributed ecohydrological models, quantitative relation of eco‐water quota of ecosystems with vegetation structures, multi‐scaled evaluation of soil water carrying capacity for vegetation, and the development of widely applicable decision support tools.     

油田污油池VOCs源强核算

以油田两处污油池为研究对象开展VOCs浓度监测,结合社会科学统计软件包（Statistical Package for the Social Science,SPSS）的Pearson相关分析对监测数据进行了分析;并利用地面浓度反推法核算污油池的VOCs排放源强,将结果与排放系数法计算值进行对比;最后对下风向不同距离采样线监测数据反推源强逐渐减小的原因进行了讨论。结果表明：污油池B各采样线监测数据间的相关性好,反推出的源强较为准确,VOCs年排放量为17.6 t/a;而污油池A监测数据间的相关性不佳,可能是由于其他无组织排放源相距较近影响所致,不适合直接应用地面浓度反推法计算其源强,需要结合其他排放源的情况进行修正。     

澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价

梯级水电开发虽然可以最大程度地利用河流的水能资源,但同时也是对河流生态系统的大规模扰动.大型底栖动物被认为是开展梯级水坝水生态系统变化和演替研究的指示生物类群.本文选取澜沧江中下游水电基地为研究区,于2016年开展漫湾和大朝山梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落采样调查,分析梯级库区大型底栖动物的群落结构和分布格局,基于生物指数(BI)开展水质生物学评价.结果表明:大型底栖动物物种组成以寡毛纲、软体动物门及昆虫纲的摇蚊类为主,优势种则以软体动物门的河蚬占绝对优势;群落密度和生物量分布格局表现为静水区显著高于过渡区;静水区功能摄食群密度组成以收集者(GC)和滤食者(FC)占优势,生物量组成则以滤食者(FC)占优势;ABC曲线和生物指数分析表明,上游漫湾库区群落稳定性及水质优于下游大朝山库区,反映了梯级水坝沿着河流纵向梯度水环境逐渐变差的趋势,澜沧江梯级水坝库区大型底栖动物群落结构、分布格局和库区水质状况受梯级水坝运行影响表现为明显的累积效应和富营养化效应.     

胜利埕岛油田海上石油设施废弃方法

1胜利埕岛海上石油设施基本情况 埕岛油田自1993年正式开发至今,已建成了以中心一号、中心二号平台为中心的埕岛主体区域海上生产系统,以及以埕北30A为中心的埕岛油田东部区块海上生产系统。目前已建成平台93座,海底管线超过170km,海底电缆176km。     

澜沧江小湾水坝运行前后大型底栖动物群落及水质评价

为探究大型河流建坝前后大型底栖动物群落动态及水生态系统的变化情况,选取澜沧江中游小湾水坝库区及下游河段为研究区,结合流域梯级水坝建设规划,分别于2008年、2010年、2011年和2016年开展大型底栖动物定点采样调查,分析水坝运行前后大型底栖动物群落物种组成、密度、生物量、功能摄食群的变化,并开展水质评价和库区总生物量分析.结果表明:大型底栖动物群落优势种由适应自然河流急流生境的昆虫纲蜉蝣目、襀翅目和毛翅目（EPT种类）演变为适应水库静水环境的双翅目摇蚊科和寡毛纲种类;密度和生物量与蓄水前相比显著降低,表现为坝前静水区低于上游过渡区的分布格局;功能摄食群由掠食者种类占优势演变为收集者占优势;基于Goodnight-Whitley指数的水质评价结果表明,库区水质相比蓄水前有逐渐变差的趋势,坝前静水区与过渡区相比水质相对较差;库区大型底栖动物总生物量显著低于蓄水前自然河流时期.研究显示,由于澜沧江小湾水坝蓄水后生境条件的变化,库区大型底栖动物群落及其分布格局发生了明显变化,同时受澜沧江上游河段梯级开发的影响,库区大型底栖动物群落还处于动态变化过程中.      

怀4井气汞固体潮观测中的两个关键环节

本文在数字化地下流体化学组分的观测中，认为热水井的脱气和脱气后的气体干燥是两个关键环节。我们在怀4井的气汞观测中，经过多次试验改进较好地解决了这两个环节。2004年以来，观测资料稳定，并清晰地记录到了固体潮形态。     

胜利油田海上散装油辁的安全管理

胜利油田自1988年在海上开发第一口探井至今已成功投产油井近400口,年产原油210余万吨,需用90艘各类船舶,从事运输作业,其中2000 t级原油穿梭油轮2艘,1500t成品油轮1艘,800t原油轮2艘,还需外雇船舶42艘,其中油轮13艘,总载重量1万余吨.