产奶量增多的基因选择与奶牛福利:是否需要新的育种目标?

在许多欧洲国家,平均每头奶牛的产奶量比40年前翻了一番.但随之而来的是奶牛生殖能力的降低,健康问题的增多以及寿命的减少.为了提高产奶量和利润,基因选择得到广泛应用.但人们认为这是以牺牲奶牛的福利为代价换来的.乳制品业的经济前景是与公众对育种方式的接受程度和生产方式直接相关的.对乳业来说,在遭到公众更广泛的对繁殖和管理的谴责之前,很好地解决奶牛的福利问题是很重要的.为了阻止奶牛生命质量的下降或使之提高,需要制定新的育种目标,以改善健康和对代谢压力的耐力.     

印染行业清洁生产技术

论述了目前印染行业水污染的现状及原因，指出调整产业结构、应用新工艺、大力提倡节约用水、清沽生产将是印染行业实现可持续发展的必由之路。     

Selection for increased production and the welfare of dairy cows: are new breeding goals needed?

In many European countries, milk production per cow has more than doubled in the last 40 years. The increase in production has been accompanied by declining ability to reproduce, increasing incidence of health problems, and declining longevity in modern dairy cows. Genetic selection for increased milk yield increasingly is viewed as increasing profit at the expense of reducing animal welfare. The economic future of the dairy industry is related directly to public acceptance of its breeding and production practices. It is important to the dairy industry that welfare problems should be addressed before there is widespread condemnation of breeding and management practices. A new breeding goal aimed at improving fitness and tolerance of metabolic stress is necessary to prevent the decrease in the quality of life of dairy cows and instead, perhaps, enhance it.     

应用时间-活动模式估计儿童个体NOx暴露水平

将时间-活动模式与微环境空气污染物监测相结合估计儿童个体NO_x暴露水平. 分别在北京和青岛两市各选择3所学校监测校园环境污染物,并在每个学校选择10名儿童监测其家庭居室空气中ρ(NO_x)及个体24 h NO_x暴露水平,同时收集其时间-活动信息,采用时间-活动模式估计儿童的个体暴露水平. 交通工具中的NO_x暴露水平可通过校门口空气中ρ(NO_x)和交通工具的污染水平系数(λ)估计.结果表明:利用时间-活动模式模拟的儿童个体24 h NO_x暴露水平为0.041 mg/m3,与调整后的个体暴露实测水平相关性较好(R0.785,P<0.01),差值为(-0.002　6±0.013　0) mg/m3,二者的差异无统计学意义 (t0.139,P>0.05).表明采用时间-活动模式与微环境空气质量监测结果相结合方法估计的儿童NO_x暴露水平与个体实际暴露水平一致.