Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by ozonation of dyes and related compounds

Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by ozonation of commercially available dyes and related compounds was investigated. Ozonation was conducted using a semi-batch type reactor, and ozone concentration in gas phase and the ozone gas flow were 10 mg L(-1) and 1.0 L min(-1), respectively. NDMA was formed by 15 min of ozonation of seven out of eight selected target compounds (0.05 mM) at pH 7. All the target compounds with N,N-dimethylamino functions were NDMA precursors in ozonation. The lowest and highest NDMA concentrations after ozonation of the target compounds were 13 ng L(-1) for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1600 ng L(-1) for N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD), respectively. NDMA concentrations after 15 min of ozonation of 0.05 mM methylene blue (MB) and DMPD increased with an increase in pH in its range of 6-8. The effects of coexisting compounds on NDMA concentrations after 15 min of ozonation of 0.05 mM MB and DMPD were examined at pH 7. NDMA concentrations after ozonation of MB and DMPD increased by the presence of 0.05 mM (0.7 mg L(-1) as N) nitrite (NO(2)(-)); 5000 ng L(-1) for MB and 4000 ng L(-1) for DMPD. NDMA concentration after MB ozonation decreased by the presence of 5mM tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA), a hydroxyl radical (HO.) scavenger, but that after DMPD ozonation was increased by the presence of TBA. NDMA concentrations after ozonation of MB and DMPD were not affected by the presence of 0.16 mM (5.3 mg L(-1)) hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). When 0.05 mM MB and DMPD were added to the Yodo and Tone river water samples, NDMA concentrations after 15 min of their ozonation at pH 7 increased compared with those in the case of addition to ultrapure water samples.     

Monitoring of eutrophication and nutrient limitation in the Izmir Bay (Turkey) before and after Wastewater Treatment Plant

The distribution of inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton chlorophyll-a was investigated and N/P ratios were determined in Izmir Bay during 1996-2001. The average concentrations showed ranges of 0.01-0.19 and 0.01-10 microM for phosphate-phosphorus; 0.11-1.8 and 0.13-27 microM for (nitrate+nitrite)-nitrogen, 0.30-4.1 and 0.50-39 microM for silicate and 0.02-4.3 and 0.10-26 microg l(-1) for chlorophyll-a in the outer and middle-inner bays, respectively. The results are compared with the values obtained from the relatively unpolluted waters of the Aegean Sea. The N/P ratio is significantly lower than the assimilatory optimal (N/P=15:1) in conformity with Redfield's ratio N/P=16:1. Nitrogen is the limiting element in the Izmir Bay. Phosphate, which originates from detergents, is an important source for eutrophication in the bay, especially in the inner bay. In early 2000, a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) began to treat domestic and industrial wastes. This plant treats the wastes about 60% capacity between 2000 and 2001. The sampling periods cover before and after treatment plant. Although the capacity of wastewater plant is sufficient for removal of nitrogen from the wastes, it is inadequate for removal of phosphate. This is also in accordance with the decreasing N/P ratios observed during 2000-2001 (after WTP) in the middle-inner bays.     

EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN NONTREATED AND TREATED WATER1

ABSTRACT: Bacterial populations in nontreated and herbicide-treated waters were subjected to three different herbicides. Diuron, dichlobenil, and diquat were added (100 mg/l) to water samples from two fresh water lakes and two herbicide-treated ponds. Total numbers of bacteria were monitored. Bacterial populations in fresh lake water decreased after herbicide additions; however, final populations were significantly greater than the controls. Similar observations were recorded for bacteria in dichlobenil- and diuron-treated waters. Selective enrichment is probably expressed in these experiments.     

A novel ligand for cloud point extraction to determine gold content in ore samples

Gold is a valuable metal occurring usually at very low concentrations in complex natural samples. Gold analysis thus needs preconcentration methods. Classical liquid–liquid extraction involves hazardous organic solvents. Alternatively, cloud point extraction involves non-toxic and nonvolatile surfactants. Here, we analyzed ore samples. The complex of Au(III) with sulphapyridylazo resorcin was extracted by the cloud point method. Concentrations were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. We tested the effects of pH, reagent concentration, Triton X-100 surfactant concentration, equilibration temperature and time. Results show that the best detection limit of the method was 0.48 µg L^?1 for Au with a preconcentration factor of 31 times. Calibration is linear in range of 6.4–2,000 µg L^?1, and relative standard deviations are lower than 5 %. Quantum chemical computations reveal the plausible structure of the gold–ligand complex. This report represents the first determination of gold using sulphapyridylazo resorcin as a ligand.     

Monitoring of organic pollutants in marine environment by semipermeable membrane devices and mussels: accumulation and biochemical responses

This study involves the monitoring of organic pollutants using transplanted mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as bioindicator organisms and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) as passive samplers. Mussels and SPMDs were deployed to marinas, shipyards and shipbreaking yards on the coastal area of Turkey and retrieved after 60 days. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticide (OCP) compounds were analysed with high-resolution GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in SPMDs and mussels ranged from 200 to 4740 ng g sampler^?1 and from 7.0 to 1130 ng g^?1 in wet weight (ww). PCB and OCP concentrations in SPMDs changed between 0.04–200 and 4.0–26 ng g sampler^?1, respectively. The highest PCB (190 ng g^?1 ww) and OCP (200 ng g^?1 ww) concentrations in mussels were measured at shipyard stations. A strong correlation was observed between the PAH and PCB concentrations in SPMDs and mussels. Enzyme assays (acetylcholinesterase, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathion reductase and carboxylesterase activities) were performed as biomarkers to reveal the effects of pollution on the mussels. There was no clear relationship found between the enzyme levels and the pollutant concentrations in mussels. Integrated biomarker responses were calculated to interpret the overall effect of pollutants.

     

Performance of butyl rubber–based macroporous sorbents as passive samplers

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this study, two macroporous butyl rubber (BR)–based sorbents prepared in benzene (H-BR) and in cyclohexane (L-BR) with different porosities...     

Dissolved and dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons in the Aegean Sea

The distribution and transportation of Dissolved and Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbon (DDPH) were investigated in the Aegean Sea with the hydrodynamics of the water masses of the region. It is clear that distribution of this pollutant is strongly affected by physical dynamics of environment. The data were collected during cruises in November 1994, in the framework of National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme in the Aegean Sea. In the present study additionally the Chlorophyll‐a was measured fluorometrically and there is good correlation between petroleum hydrocarbon and chlorophyll‐a in the Aegean Sea. DDPH data was used to search origin of hydrocarbons: biogenic or non biogenic.     

区域发展与环境管理

本文在阐述区域可持续发展的目标基础上,对人的发展和安全问题进行了讨论,并分析了影响可持续发展三个关键要素,指出环境管理是实现可持续发展的重要措施。     

Investigation of the bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility of dental units

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination level and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated bacteria from dental unit waterlines (DUWLs) in Istanbul. Bacterial quality of DUWLs is very important, as patients and dental staff are regularly exposed to water and aerosols generated by the unit. If opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Legionella pneumophila are present in DUWLs, patient and dental staff can be infected. One hundred water samples were collected from high-speed drills and input waters from 50 dental units. Aerobic heterotrophic bacteria counts and the presence of Legionella, Pseudomonas, oral streptococci, and Staphylococcus were investigated in dental unit waters and aerosol samples. In addition, the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated and identified bacteria from DUWLs was examined. This research found that 37 out of 50 dental unit water samples exceeded the American Dental Association’s limit of 200 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL^?1. Legionella, oral streptococci, and S. aureus were not detected in any water or aerosol samples, but P. aeruginosa was isolated in three DUWLs. Also, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus were found in water and aerosol samples. Cefoperazone, ofloxacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and piperacillin were the most effective antibiotics against the isolated bacteria from DUWLs.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) distributions in the Bay of Marmara sea: Izmit Bay

In 1999, the concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the total PAH and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in sea water, sediment and mussels collected along the coast of Izmit Bay, the most important bay of the Marmara Sea. The total-PAH concentrations, measured by Spectrofluorometry were in the range of 1.16-13.68 microg/l in sea water, in the range of 30.0 1670.0 microg/g dry weight in sediments and in the range from 5.67 to 14.81 microg/g wet weight in edible part of mussel. HPLC revealed Phenanthrene (three rings), chrysene (four rings) and benz[a]antracene (five rings) to be the dominant PAHs in sea water, while 16 different PAHs compounds were observed and measured in mussel samples. The most pollution occured at Dogu Kanali and Dil Deresi where were the main rivers containing wastes fall into the the Izmit Bay. Although the maximum mono-ortho PCB concentrations in sea water were measured in the Dil Deresi River (26.33 ng/l) and the Solventa? (22.19 ng/l) stations, maximum PCB concentrations in mussels were measured in the SEKA (28.11 microg/kg) and the Dil Deresi River (25.68 microg/kg). The dominant congeners of PCBs were from tetra to hexachlorobiphenyls. The toxicity equivalent values were very low in sea water and mussels.