矿区污染土壤Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物活性的研究

调查湘南某铅锌矿区周围的菜园土和水稻土Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的形态分布及其生物活性和迁移性。结果表明:两种土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的总量分别超过国家土壤环境质量相应的标准。运用Tessier连续提取法研究发现,土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的各形态含量之和与其总量非常的接近,其中菜园土Pb的提取率为96.3%,Cd的为94.1%,Cu的为93.4%和Zn的为91.7%;水稻土Pb的为97.6%,Cd的为92.0%,Cu的为92.1%和Zn的为91.7%,表明该形态分析方法的结果是合理的。土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn各形态的分布存在很大的差别,残渣态是主要形态,其中Pb的含量占60.7%~58.2%,Cd的是50.4%~59.2%,Cu的是37.3%~53.4%,Zn的是54.9%~46.9%,而交换态所占的比例最小。菜园土重金属的生物活性系数的大小是:Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn,迁移能力的顺序是Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb;水稻土重金属的活性大小和迁移能力的顺序都是:Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu。菜园土重金属的生物活性和迁移性较水稻土的大,其中Cd的生物活性和迁移性的最大。研究结果将为评估矿区污染土壤中重金属的危害提供科学依据。     

Iron improving bio-char derived from microalgae on removal of tetracycline from aqueous system

Novel magnetic carbonaceous bio-char was hydrothermal prepared from microalgae under different loadings of iron and its structures and surface chemistry were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm (BET). The morphology of bio-char changed from sheet to particle as iron loading increased and its surface area also increased. When 3.0 g of dried microalgae and 6.0 mmol iron salt ((NH₄)₂SO₄·FeSO₄·6H₂O) were mixed and treated, the obtained bio-char possessing the highest amount of oxygen-containing functional groups resulted in the best adsorption performance on tetracycline (TC). This adsorption process was fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was 95.86 mg/g, which is higher than other bio-char reported. The iron loading contributed to the higher adsorption capacity of bio-char, which may be due to three factors, the high surface area, more hydrogen bonding, and bridging effects of the structural Fe for TC. Our data suggest that bio-char may have more important role in stabilization of pollutants in the environment.     

长沙市夏季大气臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性分析

本文利用长沙市区环境空气质量监测站点在线观测资料,结合罐采样-三级冷阱预浓缩-气相色谱法分析非甲烷烃类化合物和衍生化-高效液相色谱法分析醛酮类化合物,基于观测的光化学模型分析了长沙市区2017年5月和9月部分时段臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性.结果表明,观测期间长沙市区臭氧浓度日变化均呈现典型的单峰特征,峰值浓度出现在15时左右,凌晨高浓度一氧化氮呈现对臭氧明显的滴定效应;5月非甲烷烃浓度和醛酮总浓度较9月高,非甲烷烃主要组成为烷烃和芳香烃类,其次为植物源烃类,而甲醛、乙醛和丙酮为醛酮类化合物主要组分.白天随着光化学过程的发展,非甲烷烃被逐渐消耗,其活性浓度随之降低.模型分析发现：5月份氮氧化物和植物源烃类对长沙市区臭氧生成贡献最大,削减氮氧化物对臭氧控制最为有效;而9月臭氧生成对烯烃和芳香烃最为敏感,削减人为源烯烃和芳香烃对臭氧控制最为有效.     

长沙市大气挥发性有机物的组成与来源

在长沙市一个国家空气质量监测站附近采用罐采样方法采集环境全空气样品,利用三级冷阱预浓缩-GC/Dean-switch/FID/FID技术分析59种非甲烷碳氢化合物,同步采用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）-高效液相色谱法测定醛酮类化合物,研究非甲烷碳氢化合物及醛酮类化合物的组成与来源.结果表明,大气非甲烷碳氢化合物的总平均体积分数为（43.31 ±33.86）×10-9,其中异戊烷的体积分数最大;醛酮类化合物总浓度为（9.17±3.16）μg·m-3,主要为丙酮、甲醛和乙醛且其贡献了总浓度的90%以上.结合主成分分析法分析非甲烷碳氢化合物的来源,结果表明,汽油挥发、尾气排放及溶剂使用是大气非甲烷碳氢化合物的主要来源,分别对总浓度贡献了16.65%、16.61%、22.65%;进一步利用比值分析法表明苯系物的主要来源是汽车排放,醛酮类化合物符合城区的比值特征.     

湖南省环境污染责任保险相关问题与对策

近年来我国环境污染事故频发,导致严重的生态破坏和经济损失,部分受害者得不到相应赔偿,影响了社会和谐发展。环境污染责任保险具有风险分散功能,能有效实现对环境侵权的社会化救济。通过对湖南省境内环境污染责任保险实施现状的调查,分析了目前环境污染责任保险在环境风险管理中存在的问题和不足,并提出了促进和完善环境污染责任保险发展的对策与建议,可为我国环境污染责任保险的推广提供参考和借鉴。     

重金属在水体中的化学状态、危害及其防治对策

本文对目前研究最多的汞、铬、镉、铅和砷等重金属,详细分析了它们在水体中的迁移转化、价态变化、吸附与解吸附作用、吸附和共沉淀作用等动态过程;简要地阐述五种重金属对水体的污染给人体带来的危害;重点讨论了对水体重金属污染采取控制与消除土壤污染源、含重金属工业废水的排放和生物修复技术等防治对策。     

香根草人工湿地处理生活污水的试验研究

通过建立香根草人工湿地系统,研究该系统对生活污水的COD、TP、TN的处理效果以及系统的耐污性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为6h的条件下,COD、TP、TN的去除率分别为63.5%、88.3%、72.4%。研究表明,香根草人工湿地系统对城镇生活污水具有较好的净化效果,且系统在该试验条件下耐污性良好。     

土壤重金属化学形态的生物可利用性评价

重金属化学形态是近年来土壤化学、植物营养和环境科学研究领域的一个热点和难点,利用重金属的化学形态分布和含量变化来评价重金属的生物可利用性,有利于全面研究重金属的危害性和治理重金属污染土壤。结果表明,水溶态和交换态的重金属易被生物吸收利用,而残留态重金属一般不被生物利用,其它形态如碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态的生物可利用性主要取决于外界环境的变化。     

An arsenic-contaminated field trial to assess the uptake and translocation of arsenic by genotypes of rice

Compared to other cereals, rice has particular strong As accumulation. Therefore, it is very important to understand As uptake and translocation among different genotypes. A field study in Chenzhou city, Hunan province of China, was employed to evaluate the effect of arsenic-contaminated soil on uptake and distribution in 34 genotypes of rice (including unpolished rice, husk, shoot, and root). The soil As concentrations ranged from 52.49 to 83.86 mg kg^?1, with mean As concentration 64.44 mg kg^?1. The mean As concentrations in rice plant tissues were different among the 34 rice genotypes. The highest As concentrations were accumulated in rice root (196.27–385.98 mg kg^?1 dry weight), while the lowest was in unpolished rice (0.31–0.52 mg kg^?1 dry weight). The distribution of As in rice tissue and paddy soil are as follows root ? soil > shoot > husk > unpolished rice. The ranges of concentrations of inorganic As in all of unpolished rice were from 0.26 to 0.52 mg kg^?1 dry weight. In particular, the percentage of inorganic As in the total As was more than 67 %, indicating that the inorganic As was the predominant species in unpolished rice. The daily dietary intakes of inorganic As in unpolished rice ranged from 0.10 to 0.21 mg for an adult, and from 0.075 to 0.15 mg for a child. Comparison with tolerable daily intakes established by FAO/WHO, inorganic As in most of unpolished rice samples exceeded the recommended intake values. The 34 genotypes of rice were classified into four clusters using a criteria value of rescaled distance between 5 and 10. Among the 34 genotypes, the genotypes II you 416 (II416) with the lowest enrichment of As and the lowest daily dietary intakes of inorganic As could be selected as the main cultivar in As-contaminated field.