Scale Effects on Spatially Varying Relationships Between Urban Landscape Patterns and Water Quality

Scientific interpretation of the relationships between urban landscape patterns and water quality is important for sustainable urban planning and watershed environmental protection. This study applied the ordinary least squares regression model and the geographically weighted regression model to examine the spatially varying relationships between 12 explanatory variables (including three topographical factors, four land use parameters, and five landscape metrics) and 15 water quality indicators in watersheds of Yundang Lake, Maluan Bay, and Xinglin Bay with varying levels of urbanization in Xiamen City, China. A local and global investigation was carried out at the watershed-level, with 50 and 200 m riparian buffer scales. This study found that topographical features and landscape metrics are the dominant factors of water quality, while land uses are too weak to be considered as a strong influential factor on water quality. Such statistical results may be related with the characteristics of land use compositions in our study area. Water quality variations in the 50 m buffer were dominated by topographical variables. The impact of landscape metrics on water quality gradually strengthen with expanding buffer zones. The strongest relationships are obtained in entire watersheds, rather than in 50 and 200 m buffer zones. Spatially varying relationships and effective buffer zones were verified in this study. Spatially varying relationships between explanatory variables and water quality parameters are more diversified and complex in less urbanized areas than in highly urbanized areas. This study hypothesizes that all these varying relationships may be attributed to the heterogeneity of landscape patterns in different urban regions. Adjustment of landscape patterns in an entire watershed should be the key measure to successfully improving urban lake water quality.     

用于干式脱污的CaO蒸汽活化实验研究

利用小型活化转炉实验台对以CaO为主要成分的钙基脱污剂在300～650℃的温度范围内进行蒸汽活化处理,结合X射线衍射和压汞仪的分析结果,初步探讨了蒸汽活化的机理.研究表明,蒸汽活化温度在600℃以上时,脱污剂孔隙结构有显著的改善,比孔容积和比表面积有着显著的增加,微孔(＜100nm)的数量大量增加,而低温下蒸汽活化的效果不是十分明显;研究还发现高温下延长活化时间有利于改善脱污剂的孔隙结构.     

稠油污水回用热采锅炉技术研究

针对曙光油田稠油污水的特点,在原有工艺流程的基础上,根据实际处理能力,选择合适的设备,对不同的污染物采取优先强化处理和逐段处理方式,在曙四联进行了现场试验,确定了最佳运行参数及合理的加药量。结果表明:稠油污水深度处理后达到锅炉回用水指标,真正实现污水资源化。此项研究符合清洁生产和循环经济的核心理念,实现了污水的资源化,取得了良好的经济、环境和社会效益。     

Classification and comparison of municipal solid waste based on thermochemical characteristics

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has been normally sorted into six categories, namely, food residue, wood waste, paper, textiles, plastics, and rubber. In each category, materials could be classified further into subgroups. Based on proximate and ultimate analysis and heating value, statistical methods such as analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cluster analysis were applied to analyze the characteristics of MSW in every subgroup and to try to distinguish their relative properties. The chemical characteristics analysis of MSW showed that polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) had the highest volatile matter content, with almost no ash and fixed carbon, while polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had high carbon content but low hydrogen content. Bones and vegetables had the highest ash content, while nutshells and rubber had the highest fixed carbon content. Paper and starch food had the highest oxygen content, and wool and bones had the highest nitrogen and sulfur content. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) had the highest chlorine content at about 55%. PE, PP, and PS had the highest heating value, followed by chemical products such as rubber and chemical fiber. Conversely, paper, vegetables and bones had the lowest heating value. The results of cluster analysis of MSW components showed that fruit peel, weeds, wood, bamboo, leaves and nutshells could be classified as the lignocellulose category; starch food, cotton, toilet paper, printing paper and cardboard could be classified as the glucose monomer category; wood and chemical fiber could be classified as the high nitrogen and sulfur category; and PE, PP, and PS could be cluster as the polyolefin category.

Implications: The yield of municipal solid waste (MSW) is constantly increasing and waste to energy (WTE) has been used extensively all over the world. During the processes of incineration, pyrolysis, or gasification, the impact of physical and chemical properties of MSW is of great significance. However, the traditional classification of MSW is too general to provide more detailed information in many investigations. It is necessary to perform the investigation of characteristics of combustible MSW to distinguish different categories of MSW and find out their subclassification.     

土酸化学刺激剂提高花岗岩渗透率的试验研究

增强型地热系统(EGS)是通过人工形成地热储层而从低渗透性岩体中经济地采出热能的地热系统。为了提高热储层的渗透率,需要对热储层实施化学刺激,增加深部岩体中地热能的采收率。以采自青海共和盆地的花岗岩样品(与盆地基底干热岩体的岩性相同)为研究对象,选用10%HCl+3%HF的土酸为化学刺激剂,在不同温度和试验时间反应条件下开展了花岗岩化学刺激试验,研究了土酸化学刺激剂对实际EGS储层的化学刺激效果以及溶蚀特征。结果表明:土酸刺激后花岗岩的渗透率明显提高,且其渗透率的提高倍数随温度的升高和时间的延长而增大;化学刺激试验中发现花岗岩化学组成中石英和长石发生溶蚀,而且还生成了氟铝酸钾、氟硅酸钾和石英蚀变矿物。     

塑变成形旋轮的形状及应用

此文介绍了金属旋压成形轮的轮廓参数之间的关系,以及不同旋轮外形的应用侧重面.     

Effects of water quality on the coagulation performances of humic acids irradiated with UV light

The presence of humic acid in drinking water treatment has received significant attention in recent years because of its adverse effects on the removal of many pollutants in coagulation. In this paper, the effects of water quality including pH, turbidity, alkalinity, and hardness on the removal of humic acid were investigated in a UV light hybridized coagulation process. Our results suggested that UV light radiation could effectively improve the removal rate of humic acid in coagulation under both neutral and basic conditions, and the variations of the selected water quality parameters had little adverse effect on the function of UV light. After UV light radiation, the removal rate of the nitro-humic acid (NHA) increased from 20% to 60% in coagulation, and increased further to 75% and 85% for the raw waters with 10.0 NTU kaolin and 100 mg·L^-1 hardness, respectively. In addition to NHA, the removal rates of the humic acid extracted from peat coal (PHA) and the humic acid provided by Japan metals and chemicals company (JHA) in coagulation were also improved, both in the range of 80%–90% after undergoing UV light radiation. By changing the radiation location from prior to coagulation to the flocculation process, similar experimental results were obtained. The formation of positive charged sites after UV light radiation was considered to be the primary factor that led to an enhanced removal of the humic acid in coagulation.     

水铝钙石类阴离子黏土在水污染处理领域应用的研究现状

水铝钙石(Hydrocalumite)是一种阴离子黏土,又称"弗里德尔盐"(Friedel’s Salt),属于层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs),可通过多种低成本方法人工合成.水铝钙石的层间阴离子具有可交换性,且在一定温度范围内焙烧时所获产物在水溶液中具有层状结构可恢复性,因此在水污染和固体废物处理领域有很大应用价值,已被用于水中B(OH)4-、SeO24-、CrO24-、MoO24-、Zn2+等无机组分和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)、甲基橙(MO)、酸性大红(GR)等有机组分的去除实验研究,以及粉煤灰等典型固体废物在填埋前的预处理研究.水铝钙石类阴离子黏土对水中有害组分的去除效果受到离子种类和性质、溶液pH、去除产物溶度积常数等多种因素的影响,所涉及去除机理包括离子交换、溶解-沉淀、表面吸附等.当前利用水铝钙石去除水污染的研究基本局限于实验室研究阶段,并在严格控制的实验条件下进行,因而今后应加强其处理实际受污染水体和原生劣质水的实验研究,并尝试作为填充材料在可渗透性反应墙(PRB)等水污染原位处理装置中加以应用.     

酸胁迫对铜藻早期生长阶段的影响

为探究低pH胁迫对大型藻类早期生长的影响,以铜藻 Sargassum horneri 为研究对象,设置pH=3.5、4.5、5.5、6.5处理组和自然海水对照组,以不同处理时间分别对铜藻孢子和幼体进行胁迫实验。孢子实验中,于铜藻孢子附着前、后对其进行15、30、60、120 min的酸胁迫,以附着率和脱落率表征低pH对孢子附着的影响;幼体实验中,持续将铜藻幼体暴露于酸性条件下,以脱落死亡率表征pH对幼体的致死效应。结果显示,在短时间酸胁迫下,酸度对铜藻孢子附着的影响显著,附着率随pH值的下降而降低;胁迫时间对孢子的附着影响显著,附着率随胁迫时间的延长而降低,pH值与胁迫时间无交互作用;而当孢子已充分附着后,短期酸胁迫并没有显著影响孢子体的存活。在长时间酸胁迫下,与对照组相比,所有处理组铜藻幼体的存活率均显著降低。研究表明,低pH会对铜藻孢子、幼体的存活生长产生不利影响,并且这种影响在铜藻早期发育的不同阶段有所不同。