Characterization of extracellular polymeric substances in the biofilms of typical bacteria by the sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy

A combined approach of physicochemical extraction and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure（XANES） spectroscopy was applied to characterize the extracellular polymeric substances（EPS） of typical bacterial biofilms in this study. Physicochemical analysis showed variation of the contents of DNA,polysaccharide and protein in different fractions of EPS in different mediums. The sulfur K-edge XANES analysis yielded a variety of spectra.Spectral fitting of the XANES spectra utilizing a large set of model compounds showed that there was more reduced sulfur in both LB-EPS（loosely bound EPS） and TB-EPS（tightly bound EPS） of all the biofilms in LB medium than in R2 A medium. More oxidized sulfur was identified in LB-EPS than that in TB-EPS,suggesting different niches and physiological heterogeneity in the biofilms. Our results suggested that the sulfur K-edge XANES can be a useful tool to analyze the sulfur speciation in EPS of biofilms.     

湘江株洲段丰水期镉污染负荷总量测算及分配

以2010年8月湘江干流株洲段代表性断面水质与底泥监测资料以及其他资料为基础,采用WASP7模型模拟该江段丰水期镉浓度,并进行镉污染负荷测算与分配。研究结果表明,WASP7模型较好地重现了镉浓度的变化规律,8月份该河段上游镉入流量2 446.33 kg,下游出流量3 076.44 kg,区间增量630.12 kg,其中点源负荷量241.67 kg,占38.4%,面源负荷量304.49 kg,占48.3%,内源负荷量为83.96 kg,占13.3%。     

长江白鱀豚的保护

白鱀豚是我国特有的珍稀淡水哺乳动物,仅分布于长江中下游,目前长江白鱀豚的种群数量仅约200头,濒临灭绝。造成白鱀豚濒危的主要威胁来自长江鱼类资源的减少、有害渔具的广泛使用、航运事业的发展、河道的大规模整治、水电工程的建设、水体污染以及白鱀豚自身的生理特征。通过我们多年的研究,提出了建立半自然白鱀豚保护区、人工饲养下白鱀豚的繁殖,和建立长江白鱀豚自然保护区等三大措施。在各级政府和科研部门的共同努力下,三项措施正在落实,为保护白鱀豚创造了良好的条件,但面临的困难还很多,任务十分艰巨,我们希望开展广泛的国际合作,为保护白鱀豚共同努力。     

Analysis of periodic patterns of daily precipitation through simultaneous modeling of its serially observed occurrence and amount

Precipitation is of great importance to agriculture, environment and ecosystem as a regular precipitation pattern is usually vital to healthy plants; excessive or insufficient rainfall can be harmful. Periodic patterns of precipitation can be studied based on regularly observed data over time. Since regularly observed precipitation data are generally skewed with many zeros, two common analysis approaches have been proposed recently. One approach investigates precipitation using a two-part model where the occurrence and positive amount of precipitation are analyzed separately (Piantadosi et al. in Environ Model Assess 14:431–438, 2009), whereas the other approach handles occurrence and amount simultaneously using a Tweedie’s compound Poisson model for independent observations (Hasan and Dunn in Int J Climatol 32:1006–1017, 2012). The former approach fails to maintain the regular temporal structure of serially observed precipitation, whereas the latter approach ignores serial dependence. As there is generally substantial serial correlation in the observed sequence of precipitation data over time, we introduce a compound Poisson state-space model with serially correlated random effects for daily precipitation data. This approach characterizes both occurrence and amount of precipitation simultaneously while accounting for the corresponding serial correlation. Our main results depend only on the first- and second-moment assumptions of unobserved random effects. We illustrate our method with the analysis of the daily precipitation data recorded at Mount Washington, NH, USA.     

纳污湿地上覆水中重金属的监测及评价

以武河湿地为研究区域采集上覆水水样,采用ICP-AES法测定湿地水体中重金属的含量,参照有关标准用水质标准级别法对水中重金属污染情况进行了评价。结果表明:武河湿地中重金属Hg污染十分严重,各采样点均有分布且水质属劣Ⅴ类。重金属元素Cd污染并不严重,总体水质较好。重金属元素As、Cr、Cu、Pb在武河湿地中污染较轻近乎无污染,水质为Ⅰ类。由于重金属Hg的污染十分严重所以研究区内综合质量等级在4以上,水质为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类,污染严重。     

Characterizing the antibiotic resistance genes in a river catchment: Influence of anthropogenic activities

Previous studies on environmental antibiotics resistance genes(ARGs) have focused on the pollution sources such as wastewater treatment plants, aquaculture and livestock farms,etc. Few of them had addressed this issue in a regional scale such as river catchment. Hence,the occurrence and abundances of 23 ARGs were investigated in surface water samples collected from 38 sites which located from the river source to estuary of the Beijiang River.Among them, 11 ARGs were frequently detected in this region and 5 ARGs(sul I, sul II, tet B,tet C, and tet W) were selected for their distribution pattern analysis. The abundances of the selected ARGs were higher in the upstream(8.70 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) and downstream areas(3.17 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA) than those in the midstream areas(1.23 × 10~6 copies/ng DNA), which was positively correlated to the population density and number of pollution sources. Pollution sources of ARGs along the Beijiang River not only had a great impact on the abundances and diversity, but also on the distribution of specific ARGs in the water samples. Both sul I and sul II were likely originated from aquaculture farms and animal farms,tet W gene was possibly associated with the mining/metal melting industry and the electric waste disposal and tet C gene was commonly found in the area with multiple pollution sources.However, the abundance of tet B was not particularly related to anthropogenic impacts. These findings highlight the influence of pollution sources and density of population on the distribution and dissemination of ARGs at a regional scale.     

南四湖南阳湖区河口与湖心沉积物重金属形态对比研究

湖泊河口区与湖心区沉积条件不同,沉积物重金属等内源污染物的分布亦可能存在较大区别.为比较河口区与湖心区沉积物重金属赋存形态的空间差异,利用柱状沉积物采样器在南四湖南阳湖区湖心和河口分别获取原位柱状沉积物,在比较分析沉积物孔隙度、有机质、粒度及典型重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg)各形态垂向分布特征的基础上,对其相关性进行分析,并对表层(0~4 cm)沉积物重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险进行评价.结果表明,除Cd外,河口区沉积物Cu、Pb、Cr、Hg含量较湖心区高,泗河为南阳湖区重金属污染物的来源之一,沉积物重金属各形态含量在垂向分布上规律性不明显,且均主要以残渣晶格结合态存在,5种重金属元素中,Hg残渣晶格结合态所占比重最小(约30%),具有较高的迁移性,存在相对较大的生态风险.地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法研究结果表明,河口区与湖心区表层沉积物均受Hg及Cd的污染较重,Pb、Cu、Cr污染较轻,潜在生态危害指数法所得污染级别较地积累指数法高.相关性分析表明,沉积物Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg总量、可交换态、有机物及硫化物结合态、残渣晶格结合态含量与沉积物孔隙度、有机质相关系数多为正值,同粒度相关系数多为负值,同碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的相关系数各异,无明显规律.     

北江流域抗生素污染水平和来源初探

北江是发源于湖南(武水)和江西(浈水),汇于广东韶关,流经广东全境并入海的三大河流之一。为了解整个北江抗生素污染情况,共设置44个采样点,并采集了河水及部分沉积物样品,较全面地分析了各样品中12种典型抗生素含量并初步探究了其污染来源。研究发现,包括北江源头在内的全河段均有抗生素的检出,5类抗生素在表层水和沉积物中的平均浓度分别为77.8 ng·L~(-1)和3.6 ng·g~(-1)。其中,大环内酯类污染最为严重,其含量范围为11.7~114.6 ng·L~(-1)和0~435.3 ng·g~(-1),远高于其他类抗生素。表层水中磺胺类的磺胺甲恶唑和氯霉素类的检出率达100%,其中以磺胺甲恶唑(14.7 ng·L~(-1))和阿奇霉素(25.0 ng·L~(-1))为主,而沉积物中以阿奇霉素(35.9 ng·g~(-1))、氧氟沙星(5.4 ng·g~(-1))和四环素(3.3 ng·g~(-1))为主。由于流域污染源种类和数量不同,各抗生素在北江中的分布也存在差异。表层水中抗生素含量水平表现为下游高于上中游,在沉积物中则主要集中于中、下游之间河段。这反映了人类活动强度对北江抗生素污染的直接影响。     

南四湖内源氮磷释放的对比研究

采用柱状沉积物采样器和Peeper间隙水采集器分别于2011年8月获取南四湖不同湖区原位柱状沉积物和间隙水,通过原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对其氮磷释放规律进行了研究.结果表明,南四湖不同湖区夏季氮磷界面交换速率差异显著,静态释放实验沉积物NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.1～10.3 mg·m-2· d-1和0.3～2.7mg·m-2· d-1,总体呈北高南低的趋势,南阳湖明显大于其他各湖区,这与其距离济宁市区较近,沉积物受污染较重有关.Peeper法与离心法分别获取不同湖区间隙水,利用分子扩散模型计算出NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.69～4.51 mg·m--2·d-1、0.24 ～0.66 mg·m-2·d-1和2.54～4.16 mg·m-2·d-1、0.04～0.51 mg·m-2·d-1,同一采样点,Peeper法计算出释放速率比传统离心法高出约20％.通过静态释放实验获得的NH4+-N和PO43--P释放速率(R)在空间分布上与间隙水分子扩散模型计算出的结果相一致,但前者明显大于后者,将其进行比较,氮和磷的R/F值分别为0.84 ～2.64和2.03 ～13.79,表明原柱样静态模拟实验进行内源释放速率估算时,可能比分子扩散模型法计算的结果更接近于实际情况.     

再论白暨豚和江豚的保护

白暨豚（Ｌｉｐｏｔｅｓｖｅｘｉｌｉｆｅｒ）的种群数量已降到了很低的水平，濒临灭绝，长江的自然环境，由于人类活动的加剧而日趋恶化。长江环境已经不可能保存白暨豚，但可能在一个半自然保护区保存下来。中国政府正在考虑集中人力和财力优先建设一个最好的白暨豚半自然保护区，即石首天鹅洲白暨豚半自然保护区，因为目前白暨豚的种群现状已不可能支持１个以上的半自然保护区。１头成熟的雌性白暨豚已于１９９５年捕获并移入石首天鹅洲保护区。江豚（Ｎｅｏｐｈｏｃａｅｕａｐｈｏ－ｃａｅｎｏｉｄｅｓ）也面临着白暨豚所面临的全部威胁。近年来其种群数量亦在迅速减少。为了防止江豚发生像现在白暨豚保护所面临的困境，我们已经在石首保护区成功建立了江豚的饲养群体。