Numerical analysis of the anaerobic co-digestion of the organic fraction from municipal solid waste and wastewater: prediction of the possible performances at Olmeto plant in Perugia (Italy).

Anaerobic digestion is mainly used for sewage sludge stabilization and for treatment of waste that has a high organic content. It also represents a powerful method for obtaining energy by means of natural gas production. Co-digestion particularly combines different organic substrates to generate a homogeneous mixture as input to the anaerobic reactor in order to increase process performance. Reactions kinetics and knowledge of process analysis represent the keys for good planning and correct management. In this paper a model to simulate the main reactions involved in anaerobic co-digestion is presented. The model was created to analyse the possible performance of the treatment plant in Olmeto, Marsciano (Perugia) in Italy. The plant is still in an experimental phase with regard to the co-digestion process and numerical simulations represent a useful tool during development of the correct management procedures for the operational phase and a good methodoly for addressing further pilot plant experiments.     

Macroeconomic effects of the recycling of waste derived from imported non-renewable raw materials

The literature on waste recycling neglects the potential effects that this process can have at the aggregate level, although there are positive externalities which have not emerged in the microeconomic analysis of this phenomenon.This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of the waste recycling process, with particular reference to a country, such as Italy, which uses many foreign non-renewable resources. We use the Keynesian multiplier theory as a theoretical framework to evaluate the potential results of an increase in waste recycling on the gross national product, the balance of payments and employment. In such a way the policy maker can better evaluate whether to promote the process considered here rather than discharging the waste in the environment.     

气象因子对臭氧的影响及其在空气质量预报中的应用

为提高重庆市臭氧(O_3)预报准确率,利用2013—2015年5—10月O_3监测数据和气象数据,通过主成分分析、逐步回归分析等方法,确定了影响重庆O_3浓度的主要气象因素为最高温度、温差、太阳辐射、降水量、相对湿度、水气压和压差;通过基于O_3污染水平相似的主要气象控制因子筛选和最优组合的预报结果优化方法,提高了O_3预报准确率,使2016年5—8月O_3的AQI类别预报准确率由57.7%增至72.4%,O_3超标的预报准确率由38%增至46%。     

城郊农业生态系统中茎菜类蔬菜对重金属镉的累积特征及品质表现

为探索城郊区农业土壤重金属镉(Cd)的生态阻控技术,结合田间试验、盆栽试验和室内分析测定等手段,以蔬菜茎叶部分Cd含量、富集系数、转移系数、单株生物量、茎叶维生素C含量、还原糖含量等因子为考察指标,分析13个红菜薹品种、5个莴笋品种和4个芹菜品种的Cd积累特征和品质表现.结果显示,两种Cd水平下(土壤总Cd分别为0.43 mg/kg和3.00 mg/kg),供试蔬菜茎叶部Cd含量不论是种间还是种内均差异显著(P<0.05).三大类供试蔬菜茎叶Cd含量与富集系数的大小均为芹菜>莴笋>菜薹,且在低Cd水平下,菜薹的生产性能及品质指标也为最优.在13个菜薹品种中,低、高Cd水平下茎叶平均Cd含量分别为0.021 0 mg/kg和0.302 1 mg/kg.13个菜薹品种的聚类分析结果显示,金秋红3号、钟声红和二早子属于弱吸收低积累Cd品种.且金秋红3号在低Cd条件下还有较高的品质表现,其可食部位维生素C含量和还原糖含量分别达到77.2 mg/100 g和19.44%.在本研究设置的高、低Cd条件下,供试蔬菜品种的Cd积累特性、品质特征以及生物量指标都具有较强的一致性,集合这些指标应用于筛选弱吸收低积累Cd的茎菜类蔬菜品种是可行的.因此,挖掘作物自身潜力,基于植物不同种及品种吸收积累重金属Cd的基因型差异,利用弱吸收低积累重金属的作物品种,在轻度或中度重金属污染农田中进行作物生产,可以降低Cd等重金属元素经农产品进入人类食物链的风险.     

Effects of environmental parameters on the oxygen consumption of four marine invertebrates: a comparative factorial study

The oxygen consumption curves of two decapod crustaceans (Palaemon serratus, Penaeus monodon) and two prosobranch molluscs (Trunculariopsis trunculus, Nassarius mutabilis) have been detected in the entire pO₂ interval from 0 to 160 mmHg, under different conditions of temperature and salinity. From the experimental curves, physiological parameters such as the initial oxygen consumption velocity, the Q ₁₀ values and the oxygen independence indices have been measured. The latter parameters have been obtained using normalised plots which allow their better evaluation. The effects of temperature, salinity and oxygen partial pressure on the oxygen-consumption features have been studied using a factorial experimental plan which allows measurement of the effects of each experimental variable as well as the effects of synergistic interactions between different variables. Received: 27 March 2000 / Accepted: 13 November 2000     

市场与政府对农户绿色防控技术采纳的协同作用分析

农户绿色防控技术的采纳对于农药减量、农产品质量提升和生态环境保护具有重要的积极作用。基于湖北宜昌、丹江口和江西赣州285个柑橘种植户样本,运用二元Logistic回归方法,分析市场利润与政府的激励和约束政策对农户绿色防控技术采纳意愿和行为的影响。研究表明:(1)仍有36.14%的样本农户在具有绿色防控技术采纳意愿的前提下并没有真实的绿色防控技术采纳行为;(2)农户的绿色防控技术采纳行为表达受市场利润与政府激励和约束政策的双重影响。在绿色市场发展不完善,市场利润激励不足的情况下,政府激励与约束政策均能不同程度促进农户的绿色防控技术采纳行为。也即政府激励与约束政策弥补绿色农产品市场不足,在引导和规范农户的绿色病虫害防治上起到积极作用。     

安徽省镇域经济发展水平的时空分异及空间格局影响因素

基于1 244个镇域研究单元的人均财政收入数据,采用多种空间方法分析安徽省镇域经济发展水平的时空差异特征,并运用地理加权回归（GWR）进行影响因素分析。结论如下：（1）从不平衡度指数看,该值在研究时序变化上先升后降,表明近期研究区内部差异程度有所减小;空间序列上南北差异较大,黄山、宣城等市内部差异较小,阜阳、亳州等市内部差异较大。（2）从Zip指数来看,虽然经济发展水平集中的力量逐渐减弱,但实力强劲乡镇的发展速度依然较快且其垄断性较强。（3）从空间分异格局看,高值区主要有两大组团,一处在皖南区集聚且逐渐向北扩展,但2016年有所缩减;另一处则贯穿南北形成条带状“串珠”,呈现先逐渐扩大后几乎消失的变化特征。中值区呈基底状分布在皖中区域。低值区分布在西北和东北,其中西北区逐渐向南扩大,东北区逐渐减小。（4）从空间集聚状态看,4种显著类型区均存在且以显著HH区和显著LL区为主。显著HH区在黄山市周围集聚,并逐渐向池州、宣城扩展;显著LL区在阜阳、亳州等市集聚,并逐渐向南延伸;显著HL区和显著LH区数量较少且集聚现象不明显。（5）从影响因素来看,基于回归系数的平均值对经济发展水平的影响从大到小依次为建成区人口/总人口>常住人口>从业人员>二三产业从业人员/从业人员>行政面积>建成区面积/总面积>工业增加值>人均工业产值>地均工业产值。     

Biomagnification of anthropogenic and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds in a marine food web from Sydney Harbour, Australia

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and naturally-produced organobrominated compounds, such as methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs), have been scarcely studied in the Southern Hemisphere. Yet, sources of the latter group of compounds were found in Southern regions, specifically in Australia. The environmental distribution and biomagnification potential of organobrominated compounds were therefore investigated in a representative aquatic food chain (invertebrates and fish) from the Sydney Harbour, Australia. Mean PBDE concentrations ranged from 6.4 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in squid to 115 ng/g lw in flounder. BDE 47 was the dominant congener, followed by BDE 100. Mean levels of MeO-PBDEs (sum of congeners 2’-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47) were as high as 110 ng/g lw in tailor, with a slight dominance of 2’-MeO-BDE 68. Polybrominated hexahydroxanthene derivates (PBHDs), another class of naturally-produced compounds, were found at variable concentrations and ranged from 4.7 ng/g lw in fanbelly and 146 ng/g lw in tailor. The tribrominated PBHD isomer dominated in the samples, except for luderick and squid. The lower levels of PBDEs found in luderick from the harbour compared to those obtained from the upper Parramatta River indicated a terrestrial (anthropogenic) origin of PBDEs, while the higher levels of MeO-PBDEs and PBHDs in the samples from the harbour confirmed the marine (natural) origin of these compounds. The highest trophic magnification factor (TMF) was found for sum PBDEs (3.9), while TMFs for sum MeO-PBDEs and sum PBHDs were 2.9 and 3.4, respectively. This suggests that biomagnification occurs in the studied aquatic food chain for anthropogenic brominated compounds, but also for the naturally-produced organobromines.     

Biomagnification of naturally-produced methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) in harbour seals and harbour porpoises from the Southern North Sea

Harbour seals and harbour porpoises are top predator species from the North Sea, have long life spans and hence, are known to accumulate high levels of anthropogenic contaminants. To gain knowledge about the behaviour of naturally-produced compounds in these marine mammals, the biomagnification of naturally-produced methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (MeO-PBDEs) was assessed. The biomagnification of MeO-PBDEs (2′-MeO-BDE 68 and 6-MeO-BDE 47) was lower in harbour seals (all biomagnification factors (BMFs) < 1) compared to the same age–gender groups of the harbour porpoises (all BMFs > 1). This may indicate a better metabolic breakdown of MeO-PBDEs in harbour seals, as was previously suggested for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In both predators, 6-MeO-BDE 47 had the highest concentrations (range: 45–483 ng/g lw and 2–38 ng/g lw for harbour porpoises and seals, respectively) compared to 2′-MeO-BDE 68 (range: 2–28 ng/g lw and 1–6 ng/g lw for harbour porpoises and seals, respectively). In general, the highest concentrations were found in juveniles, suggesting an increased biotransformation capacity with age or the influence of dilution by growth for both species. Here we show that naturally-produced brominated organic compounds can biomagnify and accumulate in North Sea top predators, although to a lesser extent than anthropogenic lipophilic contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or PBDEs.