Disturbance of Dabao highway construction on plant species and soil nutrients in Longitudinal Range Gorge Region (LRGR) of Southwestern China

The disturbance of highway construction upon surrounding vulnerable ecosystems is a common threat in the Longitudinal Range Gorge Region of southwestern China. We evaluated the disturbance of highway on plant species richness and diversity and soil nutrients from adjacent to the highway to 300 m upslope and 100 m downslope in forests and grasslands by setting 12 belt transects in forests and grasslands (six belt transects and six control belt transects, respectively). The results showed that there were some significant variances in belt transects with respective control belt transects for species richness and diversity in both forests and grasslands. Species richness and diversity of trees were lower within a 50-m distance from the highway and more noticeable on the downslope portion. Species richness and diversity of shrubs and herbs appeared higher near highway edge. Both species richness and diversity of herbs were similar in forests. In addition, exotic species, such as Eupatorium adenophorum, were further from the road and more widely dispersed in grasslands. Soil nutrients except total potassium (TK) were lower in the downslope area adjacent to highway edge and showed a significant increase with increasing distance from the highway in both forests and grasslands. This indicates that grasslands acted as microhabitats for exotic species and are more easily to be invaded than forests, especially if disturbed. Once destroyed, plant species and soil nutrients will require a significant amount of time to be restored to control levels. This work illustrates that the effects extend considerably to distances upslope and downslope from the construction site. Given that these changes occurred relatively quickly, the study suggests that the environmental "footprint" grows far beyond the road and adjacent zone of disruption.     

火山口下的绝笔

乌云密布了几天的天空终于烟消云散了,太阳从大海的上方朦朦胧胧露出脸来,海滩一片金黄色。加勒比海圣卢西亚岛卡斯特里市早起的居民们透过晨雾,发现海滩上搁浅了一艘面目全非的杂货船。港口当局和警方迅速出动警力,将这艘来路不明的船包围起来,用信号联系不通,近距离喊话也没有回答。但见船油膝脱落,无任何标识,船上死气沉沉,仿佛是从地狱归来似的狰狞可怖。从船外壳看,这是一艘被大火烧焦了的船。随风漂移到这里搁浅的。但当警方登上船后,方大吃一惊,甲板上一层厚厚的烟灰,有经验的人一眼就看出,这是火山喷出的灰尘,有几名水手就倒在火山灰下面,他们早已停止了呼吸。可以断定,这是一艘火山喷发中逃出的幸存船。     

A performance evaluation of the National Air Quality Forecast Capability for the summer of 2007

This paper provides a performance evaluation of the real-time, CONUS-scale National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC) that supported, in part, its transition into operational status. This evaluation focuses primarily on discrete forecasts for the maximum 8-h O₃ concentrations covering the 4-month period, June through September, 2007, using measurements obtained from EPA's AIRNow network. Results indicate that the 2007 NAQFC performed as well or better than previous configurations, despite the expansion of the forecast domain into the western half of the nation that is dominated by complex terrain. The mean, domain-wide, season-long correlation was 0.70. When examined over time, the domain-wide correlations exhibit a fairly consistent nature, with values exceeding 0.60 (0.70) over 90% (55%) of the days. The NAQFC systematically over-predicted the 8-h O₃ concentrations, continuing a trend established by earlier NAQFC configurations, though to a lesser degree. The summer-long mean forecast value of 53.2 ppb was 4.2 ppb higher than the observed value, resulting in a domain-wide Normalized Mean Bias (NMB) of 8.7%. Most of the over-prediction is associated with observed concentrations less than 50 ppb. In fact the model tends to under-predict when concentrations exceed 70 ppb. As with the bias, the error associated with the latest configuration was also lower. The summer-long Root Mean Square Error of 13.0 ppb (Normalized Mean Error (NME) = 20.4%) represented marked improvements over earlier forecasts. Examination of the spatial distribution of both the NMB and NME reveals that the NAQFC was generally within 25% for the NME and 25% for the NMB over a majority of the domain. Several areas of poorer performance, where the NMB and NME often exceed 25% and in some cases 50%, were noted. These areas include southern California, where the NAQFC tended to under-predict concentrations (especially on weekends) and the southeast Atlantic and Gulf coasts regions, where the model over-predicted. Subsequent analysis revealed that the incorrect temporal allocation of precursor emissions was likely the source of the under-prediction in southern California, while inaccurate simulation of PBL heights likely contributed to the over-prediction in the coastal regions.     

奥地利乘车话安全

<正>初到奥地利,无论是城市还是乡村小镇,都能看到又大又醒目的路标:前方是学校、幼儿园或小孩经常出入和玩耍的地段,请各位格外小心。奥地利人口仅811.8万,机动车却有570万辆。车辆虽多,但奥地利的公路交通却秩序井然。然而,在20世纪90年代,奥地利的交通状况还     

Water spray geoengineering to clean air pollution for mitigating haze in China’s cities

In the past 30 years, China has suffered from air pollution and heavy haze created by fast industrial growth and economic expansion. This article reviews the techniques for remediation of air pollution. Then, I propose a geoengineering method for mitigating air pollution and haze in China’s cities by using water to scavenge air pollution. Here, water should be sprayed into the atmosphere like watering garden. The scientific rationale and mechanism for the geoengineering scheme are explained. It is found that precipitation scavenging coefficients are very sensitive to the size distributions of both aerosol and raindrops, and rain intensity. I found that the water spray geoengineering method can reduce the PM_2.5 pollution in the atmosphere very efficiently to 35 μg m^?3 level in a very short time period from few minutes to hours or days, depending on the precipitation characteristics. In addition, the water spray geoengineering method has excellent advantages such as rapidity, already available technology, low cost, and a nature-like process. This proposed geoengineering scheme can be one of the answers for fighting air pollution in the cities globally.     

防波堤:未来海岸线不可缺少的卫士

笔者航海多年,见证了世界各国不同的防波堤。 翻翻国内各种字典、词典,给防波堤的定义都是与海港有关．如《现代汉语词典》给的定义是：海港、大湖泊或水库中为了防止波浪冲击停泊的船只等而修建的建筑物,多用沙、石等材料筑成。随便在网上搜索一下,防波堤定义都没有跳出港湾这个圈子。     

垃圾处理看日本

<正>有人说到日本看不到垃圾,是不是日本人日常生活中就没有垃圾呢?其实不然,笔者当海员20多年间曾先后30多次去过日本各港口城市,这些大中城市的垃圾车都是清晨出来工作,上午9时全市的垃圾基本就收完了,所以9时以后,     

气象要素及前体物对青岛市臭氧浓度变化的影响

在深入探讨2013—2015年青岛市区O_3污染随时间变化特征的基础上,系统分析了不同气象要素对O_3浓度的影响,并研究了前体物对O_3生成的影响及贡献。结果表明:青岛市区O_3第90百分位日最大8 h滑动平均值和超标率均在2014年达到最高值;O_3浓度在5—10月较高,12月至次年1月浓度最低;O_3日变化呈单峰型变化规律,白天浓度高,夜间浓度低。强太阳辐射、高温、相对湿度60%左右、风速4 m/s左右、偏南风等气象条件下易出现高浓度O_3。O_3的生成主要受前体物VOCs控制,且烯烃对O_3生成的贡献远高于烷烃和芳香烃,控制VOCs尤其是烯烃组分的排放可有效降低青岛市区O_3浓度。     

青岛沿海地区一次臭氧重污染过程的特征及成因分析

近年来,青岛市夏季臭氧(O_3)污染逐渐严重,深入分析青岛的O_3变化特征和重污染形成机理对该地区大气污染防治具有重要意义.本文基于青岛大气监测站2017年6月1—20日的O_3小时浓度数据,分析了发生在青岛沿海地区的一次持续O_3重污染过程的特征,并利用数值模式进行成因分析.结果表明,本次污染过程10个监测站日最大8 h平均臭氧浓度超标率达到30%～45%,超标倍数为0.20～0.51,单站小时浓度峰值可达390μg·m~(-3).同时,利用WRF-CMAQ模型对O_3重污染过程进行了数值模拟、过程分析和敏感性试验.结果表明,WRF-CMAQ具有模拟臭氧重污染的能力,6月8—9日、15—16日O_3重污染主要是外部输送导致,可能的机制是上游高空的高浓度O_3沿气团轨迹传输,随下沉气流聚集在青岛西南部海面,随后由近地层西南向海风水平输送至青岛沿岸,而6月17日O_3重污染产生的首要因素是局地光化学生成.本次臭氧污染期间,青岛大部分时间都处于前体物非敏感区,且覆盖范围广.2017年6月1—20日青岛沿海地区的臭氧污染事件大部分归因于区域传输,因此,应该加强区域联防联控,减少区域传输对城市臭氧浓度的影响.