In order to understand the short-term response of private car owners to changes in the price of oil, a survey was conducted in Beijing after the gasoline price in China rose in June 2008. It showed that private car drivers in Beijing reduced their trips in the one month period following the price adjustment. Certain trip characteristics and drivers' demographics significantly influenced price elasticity in the short term, including the purpose of the trip, the distance covered and the income of the car driver. 相似文献
Advanced oxidation of antibiotic tetracycline (TC) is becoming an accessible and efficient technology. The removal of TC from the complex wastewater needs to be lucubrated. In this study, a TC removal system involving degradation and adsorption was established. TC degradation was accomplished by enhanced advanced oxidation via the addition of sodium persulfate (SP) and biochar into simulated wastewater containing Mn2+ and TC wastewater. The adsorption of TC and its derivatives was removed by biochar. The results indicate that the optimized reaction parameters were 3.0 g/L of biochar prepared at 600 °C (B600) and 400 mg/L of SP under acidic condition, and the removal percentage of TC was 87.48%, including 74.23% of degradation and 13.28% of adsorption; the anions Cl?, NO3?, and H2PO4? had negligible effects on the removal of TC in this Mn2+/B600/SP system. The system also functioned well with an aqueous solution with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis indicated that ·OH and SO4? free radicals were present in the Mn2+/B600/SP system. Based on the testing and analysis results, a removal mechanism and potential TC degradation pathway for this system were proposed. TC can be degraded by ·OH and SO4? via three degradation pathways. Mn2+ can be precipitated as MnO2, and a part of the TC and its derivatives can be adsorbed on the biochar surface. The Mn2+/B600/SP system also performed satisfactorily for a complex aqueous solution with various cations and antibiotics.
In this study, we estimated the impact on local household livelihoods of the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), which
is the largest logging-ban program in the world, which aims to protect watersheds and conserve natural forests. In doing so,
we used a series of microeconometric policy-evaluation techniques to assess the impacts of the NFPP on two interrelated facets
of household livelihoods: income and off-farm labor supply. We found that the NFPP has had a negative impact on incomes from
timber harvesting but has actually had a positive impact on total household incomes from all sources. Furthermore, we found
that off-farm labor supply outside the village has increased more rapidly in NFPP than in non-NFPP areas. Based on these results,
policy implications for household livelihoods were drawn and are presented herein. 相似文献