环境科研工作中的信息管理——以松华坝基础信息管理系统的建立为例

环境监测科研中资料信息的记录、收集和管理是环境监测科研课题的重要基础性工作.其中包括信息资源的系统性收集、分析整理和数据库建立、信息系统的集成设计.科研信息管理系统的建立可以使科研工作更加规范、实用和高效.     

B-P神经网络在环境空气质量预报中的应用

通过对神经网络应用实例的论证,探讨B-P神经网络应用于环境空气质量预报的可行性及其先进性.B-P神经网络对污染物浓度变化趋势的预测较线性回归统计模式更为敏感,其预测值的绝对误差也比线性回归统计模式小.显示出其逼近精度高、训练学习速度快、对基础数据时间长度要求不高的优越特性.     

土地荒漠化的成因、危害及防治对策

土地荒漠化是指在干旱、半干旱和某些半湿润、湿润地区,由于气候变化和人类活动等各种因素所造成的土地退化,它使土地生物和经济生产潜力减少,甚至基本丧失.我国是全球荒漠化面积较大、分布较广、危害较严重的国家之一.近年来由于采取了一系列有效的治理措施,荒漠化和沙化整体扩展的趋势已得到初步遏制,但形势依然严峻.     

无线电引信电磁辐射能量耦合路径研究

目的为了确定外界电磁能量究竟如何进入到引信电路内部,针对无线电引信的电磁能量耦合路径进行系统研究。方法通过对多种引信进行不同形式的连续波、强电磁脉冲电磁辐照效应试验,对比引信天线、孔缝、弹体、电源模块等部位的能量耦合可能性。分析连续波、强电磁脉冲电磁环境对无线电引信作用的耦合规律。结果确定了电磁信号类型和引信接地结构是影响电磁能量耦合通道的关键因素,揭示了前门耦合是连续波电磁辐射环境的最主要方式。结论弹体或引信前端与电路共地的金属部件是强电磁脉冲辐射环境的主要能量路径,从而为无线电引信抗电磁性能加固的实施提供了有益参考。     

Induction of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes in mammals by pesticides: A review

Abstract

The induction of drug metabolizing enzymes in mammals is summarized including both enzymes of the cytochrome P‐450‐dependent microsomal mixed function oxidase system and glutathione S‐transferases. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of pesticides as inducers, the early work being summarized while investigations carried out at North Carolina State University are considered in greater detail. Finally, the possible significance of induction is considered.     

MTBF保证试验技术方法分析与探讨

介绍了美军使用的MTBF保证试验法,并对进行MTBF保证试验的机理和经保证试验后使用方的风险进行了分析,认为保证试验在很短时间内验证长时间的MTBF值,却非加速试验。指出MTBF保证试验后,使用方风险比可靠性鉴定试验要小,并用具体试验方案举例说明其有效性,说明了MTBF保证试验可在工程上应用。     

休宁县野生木质藤本植物种质资源及园林用途研究

野外考察和文献调查分析表明,安徽省休宁县野生木质藤本植物资源丰富、种类繁多,累计有25科48属132种(含种以下等级),其中主要有葡萄科、蔷薇科、猕猴桃科、毛茛科、卫矛科、豆科等6个科.对藤本植物的观赏特性及园林用途进行了较详细的阐述.     

Predicting black smoke levels from deposit gauge and SO2 data to estimate long-term exposure in the United Kingdom, 1956–1961

BackgroundIn the UK air quality has been monitored systematically since 1914, providing valuable data for studies of the long-term trends in air pollution and potentially for studies of health effects of air pollutants. There are, however, challenges in interpreting these data due to changes over time in the number and location of monitored sites, and in monitoring techniques. Particulate matter was measured as deposited matter (DM) using deposit gauge monitors until the 1950s when black smoke (BS) filters were introduced. Estimating long-term exposure to particulates using data from both deposit gauge and BS monitors requires an understanding of the relationships between DM, SO₂ and BS.AimsTo explore whether DM and/or SO₂, along with seasonal and location specific variables can be used to predict BS levels.MethodsAir quality data were abstracted from hard copies of the monthly Atmospheric Pollution Bulletins for the period April 1956–March 1961 for any sites with co-located DM, SO₂ and BS data for three or more consecutive years. The relationships between DM, SO₂, and BS were assessed using mixed models.ResultsThere were 34 eligible sites giving 1521 triplets of data. There was a consistent correlation between SO₂ and BS at all sites, but the association between DM and BS was less clear and varied by location. Mixed modelling allowing for repeat measurements at each site revealed that SO₂, year, rainfall and season of measurement explained 72% of the variability in BS levels.ConclusionsSO₂ can be used as a surrogate measure for BS in all monitoring locations. This surrogate can be improved upon by consideration of site specific characteristics, seasonal effects, rainfall and year of measurement. These findings will help in estimating historic, long-term exposure to particulates where BS or other measures are not available.     

基于贝叶斯网络的航空维修人因可靠性分析

根据维修人为因素分析和分类扩展系统的框架选取影响因素,在航空维修领域应用贝叶斯网络进行人因可靠性分析,建立飞机维修效能模型,直观地表示影响因素与维修效能之间的关系。同时以目视检测为例,结合专家意见确定随机影响因素,通过专家访谈、事故报告、调查问卷、操作记录等渠道获取数据,得出条件概率表,进而建立目视检测表现模型,展示贝叶斯网络的建模流程。案例研究结果表明,组织文化、视觉信息、设备、疲劳、检测距离等因素对目视检测表现的影响非常显著,欲改善目视检测表现,必须对多影响因素进行综合管理。     

Outline of an environmental information system

The development of an environmental information system necessitates a phased implementation approach. Phase 1 includes the elements that are traditionally viewed as comprising monitoring and assessment activities. Analysis tools for interpretive work are identified including statistics, modelling, and GIS. Phase 2 follows the information flow beyond project reporting to examine the process of decision making. The inclusion of other forms of knowledge beyond the strictly scientific is necessary where the development of multi-sectoral decisions must be made. Phase 3 extends the decision-making process to the policy development and implementation field. This is accomplished by the inclusion of expert systems as advanced decision support systems which enable the manager to test various hypotheses and policy options prior to commitment. In addressing water resource issues, the importance of setting achievable and enforceable sectoral criteria and standards for industrial, agricultural, and drinking water supplies is discussed with reference to both usage and effluent criteria. Quality assurance and control is an area which must be critically addressed in any water resource project. The implementation of quality control programs must extend from the field sampling procedures and laboratory standard methods to both inter- and intra-laboratory tests and the development and maintenance of databases.