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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called for a ban on mulesing in the Australian sheep industry in 2004.
Mulesing is a surgical procedure that removes wool-bearing skin from the tail and breech area of sheep in order to prevent
flystrike (cutaneous myiasis). Flystrike occurs when flies lay their eggs in soiled areas of wool on the sheep and can be
fatal for the sheep host. PETA claimed that mulesing subjects sheep to unnecessary pain and suffering and took action against
the Australian wool industry that resulted in a number of international clothing retailers choosing not to use Australian
wool. Although the Australian sheep industry agreed to phase out mulesing in 2010, there is some uncertainty as to whether
this deadline will be achieved. The changing social ethic towards animal welfare suggests that the way the Australian sheep
industry manages the phase out of mulesing in 2010 is vital to its future survival and success. It is likely that if mulesing
does not cease in 2010 there will be a negative market reaction to Australian wool and the risk of legislation to ban mulesing.
To avoid losing control of its animal welfare strategy, the Australian sheep industry should ensure that mulesing is phased
out in 2010 and endorse the animal welfare ethic underpinning this change. The industry should also educate farmers and other
industry stakeholders in how the changing social ethic for animal welfare can create new market opportunities for wool. 相似文献
2.
Jennifer Sneddon Philip Riby 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(10):2663-2669
Spent shotgun pellets may contaminate terrestrial ecosystems. We examined the fate of elements originating from shotgun pellets in pasture and woodland ecosystems. Two source-receptor pathways: i) soil-soil pore water-plant and ii) whole earthworm/worm gut contents - washed and unwashed small mammal hair were investigated. Concentrations of Pb and associated contaminants were higher in soils from shot areas than controls. Arsenic and lead concentrations were positively correlated in soils, soil pore water and associated biota. Element concentrations in biota were below statutory levels in all locations. Bioavailability of lead to small mammals, based on concentrations in washed body hair was low. Lead movement from soil water to higher trophic levels was minor compared to lead adsorbed onto body surfaces. Lead was concentrated in earthworm gut and some plants. Results indicate that managed game shooting presents minimal risk in terms of element transfer to soils and their associated biota. 相似文献
3.
Weapon size versus body size as a predictor of winning in fights between shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lynne U. Sneddon Felicity A. Huntingford Alan C. Taylor 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1997,41(4):237-242
Relative body size (carapace width) and weapon size (chela length) were used as indicators of resource holding potential (RHP)
in the agonistic behaviour of male shore crabs, Carcinus maenas (L.). Weapon size was found to be a more reliable predictor of the outcome of pairwise fights than body size. Crabs with
longer chelae than their opponents were more likely to win fights than crabs with relatively larger bodies. Body size had
less influence on the outcome of fights. Relative body and weapon size did not influence initiation of contests but did affect
the likelihood of winning; however, this was significant only for weapon size. Winning crabs had heavier claws with greater
surface area than losing crabs. There was no relationship between relative size and fight duration. The frequency of cheliped
display increased with chela length and win- ners performed significantly more displays than losers.
Received: 5 February 1997 / Accepted after revision: 20 May 1997 相似文献
4.
Roadkill is of ecological importance so that there is increasing academic research to understand the causes and patterns of roadkills and their impact on ecosystems. This work is motivated by the study on roadkills of endangered Bufo calamita (B. calamita) (The natterjack toad) out of amphibian roadkills. The status of B. calamita is regarded as unfavorable due to large population declines. In the mentioned study, B. calamita and total amphibian roadkills were recorded via distance sampling on a National Road of Southern Portugal between March 1995 and March 1997. The traditional binomial modeling of these data are challenged by three issues. First, the zeros in B. calamita counts far exceeded its nominal level. Second, there is likely serial correlation among observations along the road. Finally, there is varying number of total amphibian roadkills at each sampling location; therefore, there is likely randomness in the number of total amphibian roadkills. All these features may contribute to overdispersion in the binomial observations. These three issues are routinely addressed one at a time separately, the first through zero-inflated binomial models, the second, for example, by means of random effects models for serially correlated binomial data and the third by models for binomial data with random cluster sizes. Therefore the data cannot be adequately modeled by any of these separate models. In this paper, we propose a new model to tackle these three issues simultaneously in the binomial analysis of B. calamita roadkills out of amphibian roadkills. Our approach is generally applicable to other binomial data with these three features. 相似文献
5.
Use of bone meal amendments to immobilise Pb, Zn and Cd in soil: A leaching column study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Sneddon IR Orueetxebarria M Hodson ME Schofield PF Valsami-Jones E 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,144(3):816-825
The aim of this study is to test the stabilisation of metals in contaminated soils via the formation of low-solubility metal phosphates. Bone apatite, in the form of commercially available bone meal, was tested as a phosphate source on a mine waste contaminated made-ground with high levels of Pb, Zn and Cd. Triplicate leaching columns were set up at bone meal to soil ratios of 1:25 and 1:10, in addition to unamended controls, and were run for 18 months. The columns were irrigated daily with a synthetic rain solution at pH of 2, 3, and 4.4. After 100 days, the leachate Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations of all amended columns were significantly reduced. For 1:10 treatments, release of these metals was suppressed throughout the trial. For 1:25 treatments, Zn and Cd concentrations in the leachates began to increase after 300 days. DTPA and water extractions showed that Pb and Cd were more strongly held in the amended soils. This study concludes that the complexity of soil processes and the small quantities of metals sequestered precluded determination of a metal immobilisation mechanism. 相似文献
6.
Alexandra E. D. Wells Joanne Sneddon Julie A. Lee Dominique Blache 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(6):645-658
The study explored the motivations behind Australian wool producers’ intentions regarding mulesing; a surgical procedure that
will be voluntarily phased out after 2010, following retailer boycotts led by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
Telephone interviews were conducted with 22 West Australian wool producers and consultants to elicit their behavioral, normative
and control beliefs about mulesing and alternative methods of breech strike prevention. Results indicate that approximately
half the interviewees intend to continue mulesing, despite attitudes toward the act of mulesing being quite negative. This
indicates that attitudes alone are unlikely to be good predictors of this goal directed behavior. Most respondents believed mulesing was more effective and involved less cost, time, and effort than the currently
available alternatives to prevent breech strike. Further, they felt relatively little social pressure, as they believed few
consumers were concerned about mulesing. However, they noted that if consumer sentiment changed they would likely change their
practices. Thus, attitudes are likely to be only one of several factors influencing intentions to change farm practices to
address societal concerns about animal welfare. Further, mulesing appears to be goal-directed behavior, suggesting that other factors depicted by the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB; Perugini and Bagozzi In: Br J Soc Psychol,
40: 79–98, 2001) may be worth exploring in this context. Finally, these results provide insight into how policy makers may influence farmers
to change practices in response to societal pressure for improving farm animal welfare. 相似文献
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