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1.
Ismael A.S. Ehtiwesh Fernando Neto Da Silva Antonio C.M. Sousa 《International Journal of Green Energy》2019,16(1):72-85
The study addresses the potential of using concentrated solar power plants (CSPs) as a sustainable alternative of clean energy generation in the Mediterranean region and, in particular, in its North Africa shore. This location presents attractive conditions for the installation of CSPs, in particular high solar irradiation, good manpower concentration, and proximity and availability of water resources for condenser cooling. Energetic, exergetic, and economic analyses were conducted taking into consideration a particular type of CSPs - the parabolic trough concentrated solar power plant, which incorporates the most proven technology and it is already used in Southern Europe (Spain). In addition, the study considered the impact of project financing and incentives on the cost of energy. The combination of higher values for performance and potentially lower levelized cost of electricity (LCE) for the North Africa Mediterranean Rim than the South of Spain region can yield a very favorable return for the invested capital. Tripoli compared to Almeria presented superior performance and potentially lower LCE values ($0.18/kWh versus $0.22/kWh). This is significant, even when it is taken into consideration the fact that the plant in Tripoli, despite a relatively modest capacity factor of 34%, has a large gross power output of 173,886 MWhe. In addition, the implementation at the Tripoli location of a plant similar to the Anadsol plant has a slight advantage (2–3%) in terms of overall efficiency. 相似文献
2.
Christopher A. De Sousa 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2004,47(4):579-600
The redevelopment of brownfields has become a central component of government efforts to revitalize many US cities. While the focus of these efforts has concentrated on promoting industrial and commercial redevelopment, some cities have started to also consider converting brownfields into parks and open space as part of a more comprehensive renewal strategy. Based on a survey of 20 case studies, this paper identifies and discusses: (1) the primary issues involved in brownfield greening projects; (2) the benefits of such projects; and (3) the specific planning processes involved. The overall conclusion drawn from the survey is that numerous renewal‐oriented benefits can ensue from greening projects, if there is extensive stakeholder commitment devoted to deal with its financial and development‐oriented challenges. 相似文献
3.
Brownfields that are reused for the generation of renewable energy are called brightfields. This rapidly emerging idea advocates the combination sustainable site reuse and the generation of electricity from renewables. While programmes like the RE-Powering America's Land Initiative herald its benefits, academia knows but little of its barriers and challenges. This study aims to examine the technical/environmental, regulator/financial/institutional, and social barriers to this type of development, along with measures that may address them. The barriers and measures were predominately identified via a qualitative and quantitative survey sent to brightfield developers (experts), along with a review of case studies and the emerging brightfield literature. The study found that environmental/technical barriers only differ from ‘conventional’ renewable energy projects (e.g. on Greenfields) in the event of site contamination. The latter then is what makes brightfields unique and is the source for a myriad of challenges concerning risk and liability, which cause financial problems and investment hesitance. However, evidence conjectures that there is less contextual public opposition to brightfields compared to conventional renewable energy. 相似文献
4.
5.
Maria Virgínia Alves Martins Fabrizio Frontalini Lazaro L. M. Laut Frederico S. Silva João Moreno Silvia Sousa Noureddine Zaaboub Monia El Bour Fernando Rocha 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(12):8875-8897
Ria de Aveiro, which is located in the centre of Portugal (40° 38′ N, 8° 45′ W), is a well-mixed and complex coastal lagoon that is separated from the sea by a sandy barrier and connects with the Atlantic through an artificial inlet. Tidal currents are the main factor controlling the lagoon’s hydrodynamics and, to a great extent, the sedimentary dynamic. The inner lagoonal zones receive input from several rivers and experience the pressure caused by the accumulation of organic matter and pollutants (namely, trace metals) from diverse anthropic activities. This paper is the first piece of work aiming to recognize, characterize and explain the main benthic foraminiferal biotopes in Ria de Aveiro. To provide a broad overview of this kind of setting, our results are compared to those of previous published studies conducted in similar transitional environments. The research is based on an investigation of 225 sites spread throughout this ecosystem. Utilizing a statistical approach, this study analyses the details of dead benthic foraminiferal assemblages composed of 260 taxa, the texture and composition (mineralogical and geochemical) of the sediment and physicochemical data. On the basis of the results of R-mode and Q-mode cluster analyses, several different biotopes can be defined as marsh biotope/near-marsh biotope; marginal urban/marginal urban mixing biotope; inner-outer lagoon biotope or enclosed lagoon; outer lagoon biotope, mixed sub-biotope; and outer lagoon, marine sub-biotope. These biotopes are related to foraminifera assemblages and substrate type and are influenced by local currents, water depth, chemical and physicochemical conditions, river or oceanic proximity, and anthropogenic impact, as evidenced by the mapping of the six factor loadings of the principal component analysis conducted herein. Based on a similar methodology of analysis as that applied in previous studies in the Lagoon of Venice, comparable biotypes were identified in Lagoon of Aveiro. 相似文献
6.
José Carlos de Moura Xavier Irany de Andrade Azevedo Wilson Cabral de Sousa Junior Augusto Nishikawa 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(2):1463-1471
Atmospheric pollutant monitoring constitutes a primordial activity in public policies concerning air quality. In São Paulo State, Brazil, the São Paulo State Environment Company (CETESB) maintains an automatic network which continuously monitors CO, SO2, NO x , O3, and particulate matter concentrations in the air. The monitoring process accuracy is a fundamental condition for the actions to be taken by CETESB. As one of the support systems, a preventive maintenance program for the different analyzers used is part of the data quality strategy. Knowledge of the behavior of analyzer failure times could help optimize the program. To achieve this goal, the failure times of an ozone analyzer—considered a repairable system—were modeled by means of the nonhomogeneous Poisson process. The rate of occurrence of failures (ROCOF) was estimated for the intervals 0–70,800 h and 0–88,320 h, in which six and seven failures were observed, respectively. The results showed that the ROCOF estimate is influenced by the choice of the observation period, t 0?=?70,800 h and t 7?=?88,320 h in the cases analyzed. Identification of preventive maintenance actions, mainly when parts replacement occurs in the last interval of observation, is highlighted, justifying the alteration in the behavior of the inter-arrival times. The performance of a follow-up on each analyzer is recommended in order to record the impact of the performed preventive maintenance program on the enhancement of its useful life. 相似文献
7.
Anabela Botelho Lina Lourenço-Gomes Lígia M. Costa Pinto Sara Sousa Marieta Valente 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(1):145-162
Despite the often mentioned environmental benefits associated with transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, their use for electricity production has non-negligible negative environmental impacts. The most commonly mentioned in surveys concern different types of landscape impacts, impacts on the fauna and flora, and noise. These impacts differ by size and location of plants, and by source of energy, rendering the policy decision complex. In addition, there are other welfare issues to take into consideration, as positive and negative environmental impacts are not evenly distributed among population groups. This paper proposes to compare the welfare impacts of renewable energy sources controlling for the type of renewable as well as the specific environmental impact by source. To this end, two discrete-choice experiments are designed and applied to a national sample of the Portuguese population. In one case, only individual negative impacts of renewables are used, and in another case, the negative impacts interact with a specific source. Results show the robustness of discrete-choice experiments as a method to estimate the welfare change induced by the impacts of renewable energy sources. Overall, respondents are willing to pay to reduce the environmental impacts, thus making compensation for local impacts feasible. Moreover, the estimations reveal that respondents are significantly sensitive to the detrimental environmental effects of specific renewable energy sources, being willing to pay more to use these sources of energy relative to others. 相似文献
8.
J. A. Sousa J. E. Houck J. A. Cooper J. M. Daisey 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1439-1444
The Deep Creek Lake Study of 1983 provided an opportunity to obtain emission samples from coal-fired power plants with a dilution sampler for mutagenicity testing. Stack and ambient samples of particulate matter were collected with a dilution sampler at three coal-fired power plants in West Virginia. Samples were sequentially extracted with cyclohexane (CX), dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone (ACE) and tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay using TA98 (-S9). For the stack samples, the CX, DCM and ACE fractions constituted 1.0, 0.7 and 98.1 percent of the total extractable organic material (EOM), respectively, compared to 28.5, 7.4 and 64.1 percent for the ambient samples. In contrast, the mutagenic activity of the organic fractions was concentrated in the CX and DCM fractions. The cyclohexane- and dichloromethane-soluble fractions of the stack samples from all locations exhibited mutagenicity when tested in the plate incorporation assay. No significant response was observed with the acetone fraction. When tested with Kado's modification of the preincubation assay, the acetone-soluble fraction did exhibit mutagenic activity comparable to that of the other fractions when expressed in units of revertants per milligram of particular matter. Chemical analyses of one of the acetone-soluble fractions indicated that half of the mass was sulfuric acid while the remainder consisted of C, H and O. More than 30 peaks were detected in the high pressure liquid chromatogram of this fraction. Although little mutagenic activity was detected in the polar ACE fraction of the diluted stack emissions samples with this single bioassay, in view of the large mass of this fraction, further investigation of the chemical composition and genotoxic activity of this fraction would be prudent. 相似文献
9.
Paulo Roger L. Alves Elke J.B.N. Cardoso Alexandre M. Martines José Paulo Sousa Amarildo Pasini 《Chemosphere》2013,90(11):2674-2682
Ecotoxicological laboratory tests (lower-tier tests) are fundamental tools for assessing the toxicity of pesticides to soil organisms. In this study, using these tests under tropical conditions, we quantified the impact of the insecticides imidacloprid, fipronil, and thiametoxam, and the fungicides captan and carboxin + thiram, all of which are used in the chemical treatment of crop seeds, on the survival, reproduction, and behavior of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta). With the exception of imidacloprid, none of the pesticides tested caused mortality in E. andrei in artificial soils. The LC50 of imidacloprid was estimated as 25.53 mg active ingredient kg?1 of dry soil. Earthworm reproduction rates were reduced by imidacloprid (EC50 = 4.07 mg kg?1), fipronil (EC20 = 23.16 mg kg?1), carboxin + thiram (EC50 = 56.38 mg kg?1), captan (EC50 = 334.84 mg kg?1), and thiametoxam (EC50 = 791.99 mg kg?1). Avoidance behavior was observed in the presence of imidacloprid (AC50 = 0.11 mg kg?1), captan (AC50 = 33.54 mg kg?1), carboxin + thiram (AC50 = 60.32 mg kg?1), and thiametoxam (AC50 = >20 mg kg?1). Earthworms showed a preference for soils with the insecticide fipronil. Imidacloprid was the most toxic of the substances tested for E. andrei. The avoidance test was the most sensitive test for most pesticides studied, but results varied between pesticides. These results offer new insights on the toxicity of pesticides used to treat seeds in tropical regions. However, they should be complemented with higher-tier tests in order to reduce the uncertainties in risk assessment. 相似文献
10.
The sole routine testing of the standard earthworm Eisenia fetida for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides has been under much debate since other soil invertebrates may be more sensitive than this standard test species. However, the very low availability of laboratory toxicity data for taxa other than E. fetida has greatly hampered sensitivity comparisons. In the present study, the relative tolerance (Trel) approach was used to enable comparing toxicity thresholds obtained from the US-EPA ECOTOX database, for main terrestrial taxonomic groups and pesticidal types of action (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other) separately. Analyses confirmed previously reported lower and higher sensitivity of collembolans to fungicides and insecticides, respectively. However, various other discrepancies in susceptibility relative to E. fetida were encountered as indicated by species sensitivity distributions and/or calculated 95% confidence intervals of Trel values. Arachnids and isopods were found to be more sensitive to insecticides, and nematodes to fungicides, as compared to E. fetida. Implications of study findings for the terrestrial risk assessment of pesticides are discussed. 相似文献