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Eva Friis Møller Christian Marc Andersen Borg Sigrún H. Jónasdóttir Suree Satapoomin Cornelia Jaspers Torkel Gissel Nielsen 《Marine Biology》2011,158(3):677-688
The vertical distribution of copepods, fecal pellets and the fecal pellet production of copepods were measured at seven stations
across the Southern Indian Ocean from productive areas off South Africa to oligotrophic waters off Northern Australia during
October/November 2006. We quantified export of copepod fecal pellet from surface waters and how much was retained. Furthermore,
the potential impact of Oncaea spp. and harpacticoid copepods on fecal pellets degradation was evaluated and found to be regional substantial. The highest
copepod abundance and fecal pellet production was found in the western nutrient-rich stations close to South Africa and the
lowest at the central oligotrophic stations. The in situ copepod fecal pellet production varied between 1 and 1,000 μg C m−3 day−1. At all stations, the retention of fecal pellets in the upper 400 m of the water column was more than 99% and the vertical
export of fecal pellets was low (<0.02 mg m−2 day−1). 相似文献
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Maytat Luangprasert Chainarin Vasithamrong Suphasit Pongratananukul Sunhapos Chantranuwathana Suree Pumrin 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2017,67(5):623-633
It is known that in-vehicle carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration tends to increase due to occupant exhalation when the HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) air is in recirculation mode. Field experiments were conducted to measure CO2 concentration during typical commute in Bangkok, Thailand. The measured concentrations agreed with the concentration predicted using first-order mass balance equation, in both recirculating and outside air modes. The long-term transient decay of the concentration when the vehicle was parked and the HVAC system was turned off was also studied. This decay was found to follow Fickian diffusion process. The paper also provides useful operational details of the automotive HVAC system and fresh air ventilation exchange between cabin interior and exterior.
Implications: Drivers in tropical Asian countries typically use HVAC recirculation mode in their automobiles. This behavior leads to excessive buildup of cabin CO2 concentration levels. The paper describes the CO2 buildup in a typical commute in Bangkok, Thailand. Auto manufacturers can potentially take measures to alleviate such high concentration levels. The paper also discusses the diffusion of CO2 through the vehicle envelope, an area that has never been investigated before. 相似文献
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