中国21世纪城市供水新概念--分质供水

结合我国城市一直使用的统一给水方式已与当前水资源紧缺,用水多样化,人们饮用水质质化的状况极不适应的情况,提出对传统的给水方式进行改革的最适宜方式是分质供水。     

沈阳工业区夏季VOCs组成特征及其对二次污染形成的贡献

利用2019年和2020年夏季沈阳市工业区大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的观测数据,研究沈阳市夏季工业区大气VOCs的组成特征并初步判断其来源,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)法分别估算该地大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)及二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(AFP).结果表明,观测期间沈阳市工业区ρ(总VOCs)平均值为41.66μg·m^-3,烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃和乙炔分别占总VOCs浓度的48.50%、 14.08%、 15.37%和22.05%.浓度排名前10的物种累计占总VOCs浓度的69.25%,其中大部分为C2～C5的烷烃,还包括乙炔、乙烯和部分芳香烃.总VOCs整体上呈现出早晚浓度高、中午浓度低的日变化特征,峰值分别出现在06:00和22:00,11:00～16:00处于较低水平.由甲苯/苯(T/B)和异戊烷/正戊烷的比值判断工业区主要受机动车尾气排放、溶剂使用、燃烧源和LPG/NG的影响.工业区大气VOCs的总AFP为41.43×10^-2μg·m^-3,其中芳香烃的贡献最大;总OFP贡献值为1...     

大气污染物复合暴露后血浆microRNA芯片分析

随着miRNAs在循环系统中被检测出来,血浆miRNAs可以作为临床疾病早期诊断的生物标记物.为了探究交通和煤炭工业源大气污染可能对中枢神经系统产生的不良影响,本研究通过建立小鼠SO2、NO2及PM2.5复合染毒模型,利用miRNAs芯片技术发现复合暴露后小鼠血浆中发生明显变化的miRNAs,并通过实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）方法验证芯片结果,使用miRanda、miRDB、miRWalk及Targetscan软件对发生明显改变的miRNAs进行靶基因预测,分析靶基因富集的基因功能（Gene ontology,GO）和信号通路（Pathway）.结果提示,SO2、NO2及PM2.5复合染毒可诱导小鼠血浆miRNA表达谱发生明显改变,低浓度暴露组与对照组相比共有19个miRNAs上调,7个miRNAs下调,高浓度组有64个上调,8个下调（变化倍数大于2）,选择在两个浓度处理组中变化倍数均为最大的miR-144-3p及miR-122-5p用于生物信息学分析.qRT-PCR结果表明,miR-144-3p及miR-122-5p变化趋势与芯片一致.生物信息学分析显示差异表达miRNAs所调控的靶基因明显富集于30个GO（包括中枢神经系统发育、树突棘和神经棘等）和2条信号通路（轴突导向和癌症通路）,揭示了差异表达miRNAs可能通过调控靶基因参与复合暴露介导的中枢神经系统发育.     

Titration Curves: A Useful Instrument for Assessing the Buffer Systems of Acidic Mining Waters (10 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope The acidification of mine waters is generally caused by metal sulfide oxidation, related to mining activities. These waters are characterized by low pH and high acidity due to strong buffering systems. The standard acidity parameter, the Base Neutralization Capacity (BNC) is determined by endpoint titration, and reflects a cumulative parameter of both hydrogen ions and all buffering systems, but does not give information on the individual buffer systems. We demonstrate that a detailed interpretation of titration curves can provide information about the strength of the buffering systems. The buffering systems are of importance for environmental studies and treatment of acidic mining waters. Methods Titrations were carried out by means of an automatic titrator using acidic mining waters from Germany and Canada. The curves were interpreted, compared with each other, to endpoint titration results and to elemental concentrations contained therein. Results and Discussion The titration curves were highly reproducible, and contained information about the strength of the buffer systems present. Interpretations are given, and the classification and comparison of acidic mining waters, by the nature and strength of their buffering systems derived from titration curves are discussed. The BNC-values calculated from the curves were more precise than the ones determined by the standard endpoint titration method. Due to the complex buffer mechanisms in acidic mining waters, the calculation of major metal concentrations from the shape of the titration curve resulted in estimates, which should not be confused with precise elemental analysis results. Conclusion Titration curves provide an inexpensive, valuable and versatile tool, by which to obtain sophisticated information of the acidity in acidic water. The information about the strength of the present buffer systems can help to understand and document the complex nature of acidic mining water buffer systems. Finally, the interpretation of titration curves could help to improve treatment measurements and the ecological understanding of these acidic waters.     

Arsenic strongly associates with ferrihydrite colloids formed in a soil effluent

Arsenic mobility may increase in liquid phase due to association with colloidal Fe oxides. We studied the association of As with Fe oxide colloids in the effluent from water-saturated soil columns run under anoxic conditions. Upon exfiltration, the solutions, which contained Fe²⁺, were re-aerated and ferrihydrite colloids precipitated. The entire amount of effluent As was associated with the ferrihydrite colloids, although PO₄³⁻, SiO₄⁴⁻, CO₃²⁻ and dissolved organic matter were present in the effluent during ferrihydrite colloid formation. Furthermore, no subsequent release of As from the ferrihydrite colloids was observed despite the presence of these (in)organic species known to compete with As for adsorption on Fe oxides. Arsenic was bound via inner-sphere complexation on the ferrihydrite surface. FTIR spectroscopy also revealed adsorption of PO₄³⁻ and polymerized silica. However, these species could not impede the quantitative association of As with colloidal ferrihydrite in the soil effluents.     

沈阳市不同功能区挥发性有机物分布特征及臭氧生成潜势

采用德国AMA-GC 5000在线气相色谱仪对沈阳市的工业区、交通区和文教混合区这3个不同功能区进行大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)观测,分析沈阳市不同功能区大气VOCs的分布特征,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)估算了大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP).结果表明,沈阳市大气VOCs平均总浓度为(82.19±54.99)μg·m^-3,其中,采暖期浓度高于非采暖期,且工业区浓度较交通区和文教混合区明显偏高.VOCs浓度日变化曲线中,受早晚交通高峰影响为主的交通区和文教混合区呈双峰特征,工业区受工厂不定时运作排放影响存在多峰.交通区和文教混合区VOCs组分占比表现为:烷烃>芳香烃>烯烃>炔烃,但工业区炔烃占比高于烯烃,由B/T和E/A比值反映交通区和文教混合区受机动车尾气排放和燃料燃烧共同影响,工业区还受石油化工影响产生新鲜气团较多,且采暖期较非采暖期老化气团多.沈阳市大气VOCs的OFP贡献均值为232.89μg·m^-3,烯烃组分对各功能区贡献均占第一,且工业区的芳香烃组分因浓度高贡献也较大.     

Electrical resistivity tomography as monitoring tool for unsaturated zone transport: an example of preferential transport of deicing chemicals

Non-invasive spatially resolved monitoring techniques may hold the key to observe heterogeneous flow and transport behavior of contaminants in soils. In this study, time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was employed during an infiltration experiment with deicing chemical in a small field lysimeter. Deicing chemicals like potassium formate, which frequently impact soils on airport sites, were infiltrated during snow melt. Chemical composition of seepage water and the electrical response was recorded over the spring period 2010. Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomographs are able to show the infiltration of the melt water loaded with ionic constituents of deicing chemicals and their degradation product hydrogen carbonate. The tomographs indicate early breakthrough behavior in parts of the profile. Groundtruthing with pore fluid conductivity and water content variations shows disagreement between expected and observed bulk conductivity. This was attributed to the different sampling volume of traditional methods and ERT due to a considerable fraction of immobile water in the soil. The results show that ERT can be used as a soil monitoring tool on airport sites if assisted by common soil monitoring techniques.     

Transport and anaerobic biodegradation of propylene glycol in gravel-rich soil materials

Continued input of airplane de-icing/anti-icing fluids (ADAF) to runway adjacent soils may result in the depletion of soil-borne terminal electron acceptors. We studied the transport and transformation of propylene glycol (PG), the major constituent of many ADAF, in topsoil and subsoil samples using saturated column experiments at 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C. The export of soil-borne DOC was generally high, non-exhaustive and rate limited. Retardation of added PG was negligible. Rapid PG degradation was observed only in topsoil materials high in organic matter at 20 degrees C. At 4 degrees C, no significant degradation was observed. Thus, under unfavorable, i.e., wet and cold conditions typical for winter de-icing operations, PG and its metabolites will be relocated to deeper soil horizons or even to the groundwater. In subsoil materials, PG degradation was very slow and incomplete. We found that subsoil degradation depended on the import of active microorganisms originating from the organic-rich topsoil material. The degradation efficiency is strongly influenced by the flow velocity, i.e., the residence time of PG in the soil column. Poorly crystalline iron(III) and manganese(IV) (hydr)oxides are used during microbial respiration acting as terminal electron acceptors. This results in the formation and effective relocation of reduced and mobile Fe and Mn species. Long-term application of ADAF to runway adjacent soil as well as the lasting consumption of Fe and Mn will tend to decrease the soil redox potential. Without proper counteractive measures, this will eventually favor the development of methanogenic conditions.     

Degradation of deicing chemicals affects the natural redox system in airfield soils

During winter operations at airports, large amounts of organic deicing chemicals (DIC) accumulate beside the runways and infiltrate into the soil during spring. To study the transport and degradation of DIC in the unsaturated zone, eight undisturbed soil cores were retrieved at Oslo airport, Norway, and installed as lysimeters at a nearby field site. Before snowmelt in 2010 and 2011, snow amended with a mix of the DICs propylene glycol (PG) and formate as well as bromide as conservative tracer was applied. Water samples were collected and analyzed until summer 2012. Water flow and solute transport varied considerably among the lysimeters but also temporally between 2010 and 2011. High infiltration rates during snowmelt resulted in the discharge of up to 51 and 82 % PG in 2010 and 2011, respectively. The discharge of formate remained comparatively low, indicating its favored degradation even at freezing temperatures compared with PG. Manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) were observed in the drainage in autumn owing to the anaerobic degradation of residual PG during summer. Our findings suggest that upper boundary conditions, i.e., snow cover and infiltration rate, and the extent of preferential flowpaths, control water flow and solute transport of bromide and PG during snowmelt. PG may therefore locally reach deeper soil regions where it may pose a risk for groundwater. In the long term, the use of DIC furthermore causes the depletion of potential electron acceptors and the transport of considerable amounts of Fe and Mn. To avoid an overload of the unsaturated zone with DIC and to maintain the natural redox system, the development of suitable remediation techniques is required.     

荧光假单胞菌对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响

为探讨功能微生物对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤环境质量的影响,以从洞庭湖湿地植物蒌蒿体中分离获得的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)Y5为对象,通过室内培养试验研究其对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响。结果表明菌株Y5可明显增加洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的氨化菌、硝化菌、好氧性自生固氮菌、好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量,明显提高洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN),明显降低土壤基础呼吸及代谢墒,从而有利于改善洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的营养状况和环境质量。