屏蔽服冷却系统对人体表面温度影响的研究*

为科学有效地论证多种方式组合的冷却屏蔽服在不同环境条件下对人体表面温度控制的效果,需要对冷却系统及人体敏感部位发热量进行客观评估。通过对5名健康男性的高温测试,探究人体在不同环境温度下体表温度的变化,得出胸部、背部及额头为热量最高部位,并构建以“人体-降温屏蔽服-外界环境”为主体的冷却系统数值模型,对不同环境中的屏蔽服冷却效果展开研究,分析穿戴冷却屏蔽服时人体躯干部分的温度分布及影响。结果表明:在屏蔽服中靠近胸部、背部部位引入相变材料和风扇,均可帮助人体降低体温,提高舒适度。     

Validation of temporal and spatial consistency of facility- and speed-specific vehicle-specific power distributions for emission estimation: A case study in Beijing,China

Vehicle-specific power (VSP) has been found to be highly correlated with vehicle emissions. It is used in many studies on emission modeling such as the MOVES (Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator) model. The existing studies develop specific VSP distributions (or OpMode distribution in MOVES) for different road types and various average speeds to represent the vehicle operating modes on road. However, it is still not clear if the facility- and speed-specific VSP distributions are consistent temporally and spatially. For instance, is it necessary to update periodically the database of the VSP distributions in the emission model? Are the VSP distributions developed in the city central business district (CBD) area applicable to its suburb area? In this context, this study examined the temporal and spatial consistency of the facility- and speed-specific VSP distributions in Beijing. The VSP distributions in different years and in different areas are developed, based on real-world vehicle activity data. The root mean square error (RMSE) is employed to quantify the difference between the VSP distributions. The maximum differences of the VSP distributions between different years and between different areas are approximately 20% of that between different road types. The analysis of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission factor indicates that the temporal and spatial differences of the VSP distributions have no significant impact on vehicle emission estimation, with relative error of less than 3%.

Implications: The temporal and spatial differences have no significant impact on the development of the facility- and speed-specific VSP distributions for the vehicle emission estimation. The database of the specific VSP distributions in the VSP-based emission models can maintain in terms of time. Thus, it is unnecessary to update the database regularly, and it is reliable to use the history vehicle activity data to forecast the emissions in the future. In one city, the areas with less data can still develop accurate VSP distributions based on better data from other areas.     

改性膨润土联合混凝剂处理微污染水中有机物

采用十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐作为改性剂制备改性膨润土,研究了改性膨润土联合混凝剂去除有机物的效果,考察了有机改性剂用量、微波辐射功率、辐射时间、膨润土投加量、pH值对有机物去除效果的影响,探讨了改性膨润土的改性和去除机理。结果表明,经微波改性后,实现了十二烷基多糖苷季铵盐阳离子对膨润土的插层,增大了层间距,提高了膨润土的吸附性能。联合混凝剂投加改性膨润土能够改善絮凝性能,显著提高有机物的去除效果。在最佳条件下,改性膨润土与PAC联合后的强化混凝,对初始浓度15.3 mg/L的微污染水中有机物的去除率达到95%以上,吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温方程。     

中国矿业大学南湖校区噪声污染等级监测研究

以中国矿业大学南湖校区为例,采用分功能区监测布点的方法对校园各功能区人群密集地点的噪声污染等级进行监测和分析,以探明大学校园内各功能区人员密集时噪声所能达到的最大声级,并进行评价分析.结果表明:在人流密集状态下,校园内的各测点噪声等级均在60dB以上,处于噪声超限状态.故虽然校园内各测点全天的等效声级不超限或基本达到《声环境质量标准》(GB 3096-2008)的要求,但实质上校园声环境却时常处于"亚健康"状态.     

CeCl3和CeO2对松木屑的催化热解作用研究

以松木屑为研究对象,分别负载CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂,制备松木屑原位催化热解原料,探究不同添加比例的CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂在不同热解温度下对松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分的影响。结果表明:在CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂的催化作用下均能使热解气和焦炭产率增加、焦油产率减小,且随着两种催化剂添加比例的增加,松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分均有所变化;在650℃的热解温度下,与无催化剂相比,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦油产率降低至53.05%,下降了11.70%,当CeCl₃添加比为7.5%时热解气产率达到最大值18.58%,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率为26.85%,增加了7.48%,热解气H₂和CO₂组分的百分比含量显著增加;当CeO₂添加比为7.5%时焦油产率达到最小值59.95%,下降了4.80%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时热解气产率增加了2.39%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率相对较大值为21.66%,增加了2.29%,各热解气组分的百分比含量变化较小;在原位催化热解中,CeCl₃催化剂的催化效果优于CeO₂催化剂。     

北部湾潮间带波纹巴非蛤体内石油烃和多氯联苯的分布及风险评价

2011年春季在北部湾沿岸潮间带布设9个站位,采集双壳类动物波纹巴非蛤(Paphia undulata)并测定其软组织中的石油烃(TPH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,研究两种污染物的分布特征、评价其生物质量并对巴非蛤体内残留PCBs可能造成的人体健康风险进行评价.结果表明,各站位TPH和∑PCBs含量范围分别为56.76—199.49μg.g-1和14.19—52.71 ng.g-1(干质量(dw)),就PCBs的组成而言,高氯代PCBs(PCB153、PCB180、PCB194)为优势同族体,所占比重较大.污染指数计算结果显示,除北海西场海域外,各站位的巴非蛤均受到TPH的重度污染,港口区尤为严重;而所有站位的巴非蛤均未受到PCBs污染.健康风险评价结果显示,所有站位的巴非蛤体内PCBs的非致癌风险处于可接受水平(RQ<1),但是,大多数站位的致癌风险指数(0.83×10-6—3.53×10-6)高于可接受的致癌风险低值(1×10-6),而存在一定的潜在致癌风险.     

企业突发环境事件应急预案存在的问题与对策

查阅了2019年通过评审并备案的390家企事业单位突发环境事件应急预案,总结了企事业单位突发环境事件应急预案存在的问题及对策.为提高应急预案的适用性,应在准确辨识企业的环境风险物质、详细调查企业的周边环境风险受体情况、建立快速的应急监测机制、储备足够的应急物资等方面基础上,使应急措施和方案达到可操作性,凸显应急预案的使...     

阳泉市2017年基于交通流量的机动车排放清单

通过van Aerde速度-流量模型模拟和交通流量调查获取了阳泉市路网的车流量、车型构成和车速基础数据,利用自下而上的方法,基于实际交通流量数据、机动车排放因子和路段,构建了阳泉市道路机动车排放清单,并分析了机动车污染物排放特征。结果表明:2017年阳泉市道路机动车排放的CO、HC、NO_x、PM分别为4.56×10⁴、0.96×10⁴、1.76×10⁴、0.024×10⁴ t。按道路类型划分,高速公路(含城市快速路)机动车污染物排放量较大,CO、HC、NO_x、PM排放量分别占排放总量的48.4%、48.9%、40.0%和34.3%;按车辆类型划分,小型客车是CO、HC排放的主要贡献者,重型货车是NO_x、PM排放的主要贡献者;按排放阶段划分,国4机动车排放的CO和HC占比较高,国3机动车排放的NO_x和PM占比较高;按区县划分,污染物排放量最大的为盂县,其次是平定县和郊区。机动车在道路上的实际排放量与道路类型、道路所属行政区域及车辆类型密切相关。     

Goethite and lepidocrocite catalyzing different double-oxidant systems to degrade chlorophenol

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Goethite and lepidocrocite, as the main compositions of pipe deposits in the water distribution network, could be used as a catalyst for advanced...