Occurrence,sources, and ecological risks of PBDEs,PCBs, OCPs,and PAHs in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster,China

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 25 surface sediments in three cities (Nantong, Wuxi, and Suzhou) in the Yangtze River Delta, eastern China were measured. The mean concentrations were 378, 45.8, 1.98, 4,002 ng/g for PBDEs, OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs, respectively. Their levels in the sediments in the three cities were generally consistent with the city industrialization. PBDEs and OCPs were markedly dominated by deca-BDE (>90 %) and DDTs (>70 %). A principle component analysis of the analytes identified three major factors suggesting different sources of the contaminants in the sediments. PBDEs and the organic carbon in the sediments have common sources from industrial activities; whereas OCPs and PCBs, correlated with the second factor, were mainly from historical sources. The third factor with loadings of PAHs is indicative of various combustion sources. Ecological risk assessment indicated that the potential highest risk is from DDTs, for which 22 sites exceed the effects range low (ERL) values and three sites exceed the effects range median (ERM) value.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in multi-matrices from an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling site in Northern China

The present study investigated the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in soil, water, reed, air and dust samples collected from the e-waste recycling region in Ziya Town, Northern China. The results showed that the concentrations of PCBs reached relative high level in environmental matrices in the study area. HFRs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), allyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (ATE), tetrabromoethylcyclohexane (TBECH), pentabromotoluene (PBT), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), 2,3-dibromopropyl 2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and so on were also widely detected in multi-matrices. Long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) potentials of non-BDE HFRs were assessed to address the LRAR abilities of these compounds. Analysis of soil–air exchange of PCBs and HFRs showed that soil acted as a secondary source to the atmosphere only for a few low molecular weight compounds, while the direction of the flux of most detected chemicals was from air to soil.     

TiO2及负载Fe(Ⅲ)可见光催化H2O2降解扑草净的协同效应

以TiO2P25(TIO-P25)及Fe(NO3)3为前驱物制备TiO2负载Fe3+多相催化剂Fe/TIO-P25,研究Fe/TIO-P25可见光催化H2O2降解扑草净的协同效应.XRD、XPS、EDS及SEM结果表明,Fe元素以Fe2O3形式高度分散于TiO2表面,负载量约1.5%(wt%),未对TIO-P25的粒径及形貌产生明显影响,Fe/TIO-P25的粒径约20~40nm;光催化结果表明,Fe/TIO-P25能可见光催化H2O2降解扑草净,反应30min降解率达100%,远大于TIO-P25的催化活性,负载Fe与TIO-P25之间存在明显的协同效应;通过对反应体系的荧光光谱分析显示,扑草净的降解涉及较单纯羟基自由基(·OH)过程更为复杂的反应机理.     

基于两种耦合方法的模拟-优化模型在地下水污染源识别中的对比

采用一种基于模拟-优化模型的方法对地下水污染源进行识别研究.模拟-优化模型分别采用响应矩阵法和状态转移方程法进行耦合,并利用遗传算法求解,经过多次迭代,使得模拟结果与观测数据的误差达到最小.最后,通过一个假想例子评估模拟-优化模型的性能,同时比较应用不同耦合方法的计算结果.研究表明:应用响应矩阵法耦合模拟-优化模型所得结果的绝对误差范围为0.1~1.6g/L,应用状态转移方程法时,绝对误差范围为0~5.2g/L,因此,采用遗传算法求解模拟-优化模型能够有效且准确地得到地下水污染源的释放量,可以应用于地下水污染源识别问题,并且采用响应矩阵法耦合模拟-优化模型优于状态转移方程法.     

城市污水再生处理反渗透产水的水质特征与超高标准处理技术

系统总结了城市污水再生处理反渗透产水的有机物浓度水平、组成特征和污染来源,分析了其利用途径和风险,探讨了反渗透产水超高标准处理技术的现状和发展趋势.与常规水源相比,再生水反渗透产水中有机物的浓度升高(可高达500~1000μg-C/L)、种类增加(超过百种).产水中药物和个人护理品、工业化合物、内分泌干扰物和氧化副产物等多有检出(10^-3~2.5μg/L),应关注其长期暴露的健康风险.反渗透产水中占有机碳比例70%的有机物组分及其特征尚未完全掌握,亟需开展系统研究.新兴自由基氧化技术、新型光源利用技术等是反渗透产水超高标准处理技术的重要发展方向.     

西安城区大气中多氯联苯的气粒分配研究

为了解西安城区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的气粒分配规律,于2012年春季对西安城区大气中气态和颗粒态样品进行每周一次的主动采样.结果表明,西安城区大气中PCBs的总浓度(气态和颗粒态)为62.05~454.18pg/m3,主要以气态为主.由Clausius-Clapeyron方程得到的斜率较陡(-5193.24),表明春季大气中的PCBs主要受西安城区附近地面挥发释放的影响.PCBs的气粒分配系数(KP)与过冷饱和蒸汽压(PoL)高度相关,由logKP和logPoL线性回归得到的斜率mr(-0.46~-0.37)均高于平衡状态理论值-1,说明西安城区大气中的PCBs气粒分配尚未达到平衡状态.采用Junge-Pankow吸附模型和Harner-Bidleman吸收模型对PCBs颗粒态百分比(φ)及KP进行了模拟,结果显示两种模型均较好地预测了PCBs的气粒分配行为,但与实验测得的值相比,两种模型均高估了φ值及KP值.     

脉冲SBR工艺短程脱氮的实现及对除磷的强化

采用脉冲进水缺好氧交替工艺(SAOSBR)处理低C/N实际生活污水,考察了短程脱氮对于低碳源生活污水同步脱氮除磷效果的强化作用,并分析了短程脱氮强化生物除磷的机理.结果表明,通过短时的饥饿处理配合缺好氧交替的运行方式实现了系统的短程硝化,亚硝酸盐积累率稳定在95%以上.短程的实现还强化了系统的同步脱氮除磷效果,总氮和磷的平均去除率相比于全程脱氮过程分别提高了约6%和36%.分析表明短程强化生物除磷的原因主要是由于残留的NO2-对聚磷菌厌氧释磷的影响较小.静态试验也证实,在碳源不足的条件下,以NO2-为电子受体的反硝化作用相比于NO3-可以减弱反硝化菌与聚磷菌之间的碳源竞争,从而提高聚磷菌的厌氧释磷量和聚羟基烷酸(PHA)的合成量.因此,在处理低C/N生活污水时,短程脱氮的实现更有利于系统的生物除磷.     

一种兼顾目标总量和容量总量的水污染物排放限值确定方法

针对中国水污染物总量管理面临由目标总量管理向容量总量管理的转变趋势,提出了一种兼顾两种管理模式的水污染物排放限值计算方法.该方法建立在水体分类计算、汇水区与行政区相关联、自下而上、不同保护要求的水体予以差别化对待、污染物控制类型扩展的原则上,将水体按环境容量利用方式的不同划分为保护性利用、恢复性利用、控制性利用、开发性利用和限制性利用5种类型,分别采用目标总量、混合管理、容量总量、容量总量和混合管理等不同模式,并给出了分别按汇水区和行政区计算污染物排放限值的一般过程. 将上述方法应用于西南区域发展战略环评案例,结果表明云南省31.25%地市需调减COD总量,43.75%地市需调减氨氮总量,而贵州省55.56%地市可适当调增COD总量,44.44%地市可适当调增氨氮排放总量.该方法可将总量限值的确定与当地水环境质量改善紧密结合,强化水环境对现状质量不达标地区未来发展的约束,同时适当减弱水环境条件对达标地区的约束以换取其发展空间.以计算出的排放限值为依据对当前的减排目标进行调整可为云贵实现又好又快发展提供支撑.经案例验证,本文所建立的方法为中国水环境管理从目标总量模式向容量总量模式发展提供了技术手段.     

Increase of antibiotic resistance genes via horizontal transfer in single- and two-chamber microbial electrolysis cells

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) have been applied for antibiotic degradation but simultaneously induced antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), thus...