Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

SDS促进复配酶水解排水管网沉积物

采用SDS协同复配酶水解排水管网沉积物,分别考察了SDS投加量、反应时间、pH、温度4个影响因素对沉积物水解效果的影响,并通过 SEM、EPS、三维荧光光谱以及粒径等表征方法进行机理分析。结果表明,投加5%(w:w)SDS与8%(w:w)复配酶,在原泥pH(7.28±0.3)、25 ℃、反应时间为2 h时,沉积物水解效果最好。此时SCOD、多糖和氨氮分别由初始的5 686.9、1 913.75和87.32 mg·L⁻¹增加到8 192.9、3 561.29和153.37 mg·L⁻¹,有机质含量由56.32%下降到55.59%。在SDS+复配酶处理管网沉积物后,其内部紧实结构被破坏,TB-EPS向S-EPS转移,腐殖酸类物质荧光强度增强,表明溶解性EPS增多,且沉积物粒径向<300 μm转变。高通量测序分析结果表明,SDS+复配酶对管网沉积物微生物种类的丰富度和多样性影响不大,但在一定程度上会改变微生物的功能菌群,减少CH₄和H₂S的产生。以上研究结果可为延缓排水管网淤堵问题提供数据支持。     

碳酸钙和海泡石组配对水稻中Pb和Cd迁移转运的影响

为研究组配改良剂LS(碳酸钙+海泡石)对农田土壤重金属Pb和Cd的固化效果以及水稻各部位吸收累积Pb和Cd的影响,在湘南2个矿区(矿区A和矿区B)附近污染稻田中施用了不同添加量的LS (0、2、4和8 g/kg),并进行了水稻种植的田间实验。结果表明,(1)施用2~8 g/kg的LS能使矿区A和矿区B土壤pH值分别增加1.11~1.95和1.61~2.31个单位,能使矿区A和矿区B土壤中Pb和Cd的TCLP提取态含量分别降低18.6%~62.7%、15.7%~37.1%和38.6%~66.7%、0~76.6%。(2)LS能不同程度地降低水稻各部位重金属含量。矿区A糙米中Pb和Cd含量降低9.4%~35.6%、56.1%~66.8%;矿区B糙米中Pb含量降低14.4%~36.6%,而Cd含量变化不明显。(3)LS对水稻中Pb和Cd在各部位之间的转运系数均有不同程度的影响,其中Pb和Cd从茎叶到谷壳的转运系数最大,说明水稻茎叶对重金属的转运能力最强。(4)LS添加量为8 g/kg时,Pb和Cd从谷壳到糙米的转运系数最小,且糙米中Pb和Cd含量最低。     

土壤电阻加热技术原位修复有机污染土壤的关键问题与展望

为解决我国近年来重污染企业搬迁遗留的有机污染土壤问题,土壤电阻加热修复技术(electrical resistance heating,ERH)等热处置技术日益受到重视。ERH是目前修复挥发性、半挥发性有机污染土壤最具有潜力的原位热修复技术之一,其污染物去除率及土壤性质变化是用以评估该土壤修复技术的核心指标。在查阅文献的基础上,系统分析了热处置及电阻加热技术相关原理与适用范围,并对ERH处置过程中土壤性质可能发生的变化进行了深入讨论,以期为我国有机污染土壤原位热修复技术的推广和应用提供参考。     

Abiotic control on the dissipation of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at a lower dosage

The dissipation routes of chlorpyrifos spiked in an Udic Ferrisol at the dosage of 400 ng g^?1, which represents a residual level after an agricultural application, were studied in a laboratory, using the natural soil under three moisture regimes, sterilised, and organic matter-free soils in the dark at 20°C. The obtained results showed that higher soil moisture caused faster dissipation, and the abiotic and biotic contributions to the total dissipated amount of the applied chlorpyrifos in the soil accounted for 77.3–85.2% and 14.7–22.7%, respectively. In the sterilised soil, the contribution of organic matter to chlorpyrifos dissipation was noticed to account for 95% in the earlier two weeks, and was nearly equal to that of soil minerals two weeks after the incubation.     

Study on phosphorus loadings in ten natural and agricultural watersheds in subtropical region of China

Water eutrophication in subtropical regions of southern China threatens watershed health and is of major concern. However, annual phosphorus (P) loading and its dominant causes are still unclear, especially at the watershed scale. In this study, we investigated dynamic P loadings and associated factors (e.g., land use, livestock production, and runoff depth) in ten watersheds that varied in area from 9 to 5,212 ha in a hilly area of Hunan Province, China. A flowmeter was installed at the outlet of each watershed, and total P (TP) and soluble P (SP) concentrations were monitored periodically from June 2010 to October 2012. The results showed that annual P loadings (APLs) in the ten watersheds ranged from 22.8 to 247.8 kg P/km² and that P loss primarily occurred from April to June of each year during the main rainfall season in the study area. In addition, the average eutrophication (>0.05 mg P/L) ratio for stream waters was 86.7 % during the study period, which was indicative of a potentially serious condition for the local water environments. Annual P loadings were linearly related to livestock density (LD; R?=?0.92, p?<?0.01), whereas the eutrophication ratio of stream water was significantly (p?<?0.05) correlated with LD (R?=?0.61), percentage cropland (R?=?0.71), and percentage forest cover (R?=??0.68). Thus, it is concluded that the control of livestock production has the greatest potential for reducing P loadings in watersheds in this subtropical area. This will be beneficial to the amelioration and protection of local environment.     

Exploring the spatial-temporal variations and policy-based driving force behind groundwater contamination and remediation research in past decades

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Groundwater has been recognized as one of the most critical and vulnerable natural sources which is utilized in potable water supply, agricultural...     

微电解-生化法处理大蒜废水工程实例

针对大蒜废水特点,采用了铁屑微电解-UASB-接触氧化工艺进行处理.运行结果表明:在设计进水水质、水量范围内,COD、BOD5、氨氮和ss去除率分别为98%、99%、70%和98%,出水各项指标均达到GB 8978--1996<污水综合排放标准>中的一级排放标准,系统运行费用为1.19元/m3.     

Global trends and development of energy services industry in China

Energy service is an effective way to promote energy conservation by market mechanisms, including energy saving services, energy procurement, supply of many varieties of energy, supply of renewable energy technologies, energy-related consulting services, risk management, etc. China is a major energy consumer but energy is in short supply, and the efficiency of energy use is low. China’s energy service industry has expanded rapidly, in terms of both the number of new Energy Service Companies entering the market and amount of capital invested in Energy Performance Contracting projects, but the energy service sector in China is still at an early stage of development. Developed countries began early in developing the energy service sector and their energy service market is mature, and the experience of developed countries shows that energy services play a significant role in advancing energy saving and emission reduction. Under the new situation, China needs combine energy services experience of developed countries, and take following measures to accelerate China’s energy services rapid and healthy development, including the long-term aspects of policy planning, energy-saving core technology, finance and capital investment, public sector reductions, personnel training, and so on.