城市垃圾问题及处理对策

中国的城市垃圾问题已经成为比较严重的环境问题之一,目前的垃圾处理存在很多问题.以全过程控制思想为基础,在可持续发展和"三化"原则的指导下,运用环境管理的经济、法律、行政等方法,提出解决城市垃圾问题的城市垃圾管理对策和技术对策,提出了城市生活垃圾多元化综合处理的设想,以求建立适合中国国情的城市垃圾管理体系和垃圾产业化体系.     

Photosynthesis and biomass allocation of radish cv. "Cherry Belle" in response to root temperature and ozone

To determine if ozone (O3) and root zone temperature (RZT) affect plant biomass allocation and photosynthesis, radish (Raphanus sativus) plants were grown in controlled environment laboratory chambers in one of four treatments: episodic O3 (average delivery 0.063 mumol mol-1) with RZT at 13 degrees C, episodic O3 (same delivery) with RZT at 18 degrees C, charcoal-filtered air with RZT at 13 degrees C and charcoal-filtered air with RZT at 18 degrees C. O3 reduced total biomass and shoot biomass of radish at 13 degrees C RZT but had no effect at 18 degrees C RZT. Low (13 degrees C) RZT decreased total biomass in both O3 and charcoal-filtered air. RZT had no overall effect on biomass allocation, but O3 lowered root-to-shoot ratios for plants grown at 18 degrees C RZT. Photosynthesis was reduced for plants grown at 18 degrees C RZT and O3, but stomatal conductance was not affected by O3 nor RZT. These results indicate that O3 and low RZT decrease biomass, but that plant photosynthesis is decreased by O3 and warm RZT.     

基于RuO2-IrO2/Ti和Fe0电极的电氧化-电絮凝处理含Tl废水

基于RuO₂-IrO₂/Ti形稳电极和Fe⁰牺牲电极实现电氧化-电絮凝(EO-EC)一体化处理含Tl (I)废水,并与单一的电絮凝(EC)进行比较,探讨了EO-EC处理含Tl废水的机理.结果表明,相较于单一EC,EO-EC (1:1)组合技术适应于宽pH (4-10)以及电流密度范围(5-20mA/cm²)下含Tl废水高效处理,且不易发生钝化;活性氯以及氧化还原电位在Tl (I)间接氧化Tl (III)过程中扮演重要角色,沉淀分析表明生成的Tl (OH)_3(s)与絮体Fe (OH)_3(am)共沉淀,纤铁矿位点可吸附残留Tl (I).EO-EC一体化技术可满足实际含Tl废水达标处理(<2µg/L)且具有经济可行性.     

A Rainfall Simulator for Laboratory Use in Acidic Precipitation Studies

A rainfall simulator, developed on the principle of droplet formation from needle tips, is described. The simulator is designed for laboratory experimentation to examine the effects of acidic precipitation on terrestrial plants. Droplet diameter can be varied from 2.5 to 3.4 mm with different gauge needles, and rainfall intensities from 0.50 to 1.25 cm h^-1 can be attained by a variable speed peristaltic pump. Uniform distribution of rainfall was achieved by rotating the target area and by spacing needles, using an empirical cumulative probability distribution function, along eight radial tubular arms. Variation in rainfall distribution across a 1.2 m diameter circular target area was < 5 % . Integrity of solution chemistry was maintained upon passage through the simulator with variations in cation concentrations <10%, anion concentrations <5 % and pH <0.2. The system offers sufficient flexibility to simulate a range of rainfall characteristics by varying needle diameter, changing pump speed and/or altering the number of radial arms on each unit.     

Functional decomposition—A contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during validation of highly automated driving

Abstract

Objective: Particular testing by functional decomposition of the automated driving function can potentially contribute to reducing the effort of validating highly automated driving functions. In this study, the required size of test suites for scenario-based testing and the potential to reduce it by functional decomposition are quantified for the first time.

Methods: The required size of test suites for scenario-based approval of a so-called Autobahn-Chauffeur (SAE Level 3) is analyzed for an exemplary set of scenarios. Based on studies of data from failure analyses in other domains, the possible range for the required test coverage is narrowed down and suitable discretization steps, as well as ranges for the influence parameters, are assumed. Based on those assumptions, the size of the test suites for testing the complete system is quantified. The effects that lead to a reduction in the parameter space for particular testing of the decomposed driving function are analyzed and the potential to reduce the validation effort is estimated by comparing the resulting test suite sizes for both methods.

Results: The combination of all effects leads to a reduction in the test suites’ size by a factor between 20 and 130, depending on the required test coverage. This means that the size of the required test suite can be reduced by 95–99% by particular testing compared to scenario-based testing of the complete system.

Conclusions: The reduction potential is a valuable contribution to overcome the parameter space explosion during the validation of highly automated driving. However, this study is based on assumptions and only a small set of exemplary scenarios. Thus, the findings have to be validated in further studies.     

泥石流灾情综合评估模式

泥石流灾情综合评估模式是在灾情绝对评估的基础上建立的。首先，建立了泥石流灾情评估的步骤框图；然后依据已有的泥石流灾情评估指标体系对各项指标进行量化分析处理，将得了各灾情评估指标公值分布及其量纲换算法，确定了反映直接损失的灾情绝对评估指标和相对评估指标（直接经济损失占灾区国民收入的比例），并对绝对和相对评估结果的等级进行了划分；最后，建立了绝对评估和相对评估结果对比的灾情综合评估模式。经过实例应用验证，评估结果能较好地反映灾情。     

Enhancing Justice and Sustainability at the Local Level: Affordable Policies for Urban Governments

There are creative, affordable ways to address community development and also achieve goals of environmental sustainability. Approximately thirty case studies, based on interviews and usually also site visits, were completed during 2005. The case studies examined community gardening and urban agriculture, the greening of publicly controlled urban electricity and bus agencies, reuse centers and local business associations in the United States. Policy recommendations for city governments that emerged from the case studies are summarized here. There are many opportunities for financially pressed cities to assist the development of 'just sustainability' projects with minimal financial commitments. They can do so by rechannelling the purchasing decisions of public agencies, building partnerships with community organizations and developing the small business sector.     

Enhancing Justice and Sustainability at the Local Level: Affordable Policies for Urban Governments*

Abstract

There are creative, affordable ways to address community development and also achieve goals of environmental sustainability. Approximately thirty case studies, based on interviews and usually also site visits, were completed during 2005. The case studies examined community gardening and urban agriculture, the greening of publicly controlled urban electricity and bus agencies, reuse centers and local business associations in the United States. Policy recommendations for city governments that emerged from the case studies are summarized here. There are many opportunities for financially pressed cities to assist the development of ‘just sustainability’ projects with minimal financial commitments. They can do so by rechannelling the purchasing decisions of public agencies, building partnerships with community organizations and developing the small business sector.     

海外耕地保护的社会化扶持对策及其启示

由于耕地为公众提供了大量的、具有强烈外部性的非生产性功能,很多国家都把耕地保护作为一个公共目标,并通过社会化扶持手段来得到实施.中国作为一个人多地少,人均耕地占有量低的国家,耕地保护任务更加突出,虽然"切实保护耕地"成为我国的一个基本国策,提出要执行"世界上最严格的耕地保护",并制定了耕地总量动态平衡、土地用途管制等一系列耕地保护政策,但耕地保护整体效果却不窖乐观,其中一个原因就是没有形成全社会共同保护耕地的氛围.本文对当今世界耕地保护社会化扶持的政策依据及实践手段进行综合与分析,并结合我国耕地保护的形势,提出了我国耕地保护社会化扶持的一系列对策措施,包括加快耕地产权制度建设,明确耕地保护的责任主体;重视耕地的非生产功能,提高全社会的耕地保护意识;采用综合优惠措施,激励农户的耕地保护行为;完善城镇发展规划,严格控制城镇对耕地的侵占;延长农产晶产业链,增加农业产业的经济收入.     

Effect of climate change on air quality

Air quality is strongly dependent on weather and is therefore sensitive to climate change. Recent studies have provided estimates of this climate effect through correlations of air quality with meteorological variables, perturbation analyses in chemical transport models (CTMs), and CTM simulations driven by general circulation model (GCM) simulations of 21st-century climate change. We review these different approaches and their results. The future climate is expected to be more stagnant, due to a weaker global circulation and a decreasing frequency of mid-latitude cyclones. The observed correlation between surface ozone and temperature in polluted regions points to a detrimental effect of warming. Coupled GCM–CTM studies find that climate change alone will increase summertime surface ozone in polluted regions by 1–10 ppb over the coming decades, with the largest effects in urban areas and during pollution episodes. This climate penalty means that stronger emission controls will be needed to meet a given air quality standard. Higher water vapor in the future climate is expected to decrease the ozone background, so that pollution and background ozone have opposite sensitivities to climate change. The effect of climate change on particulate matter (PM) is more complicated and uncertain than for ozone. Precipitation frequency and mixing depth are important driving factors but projections for these variables are often unreliable. GCM–CTM studies find that climate change will affect PM concentrations in polluted environments by ±0.1–1 μg m^?3 over the coming decades. Wildfires fueled by climate change could become an increasingly important PM source. Major issues that should be addressed in future research include the ability of GCMs to simulate regional air pollution meteorology and its sensitivity to climate change, the response of natural emissions to climate change, and the atmospheric chemistry of isoprene. Research needs to be undertaken on the effect of climate change on mercury, particularly in view of the potential for a large increase in mercury soil emissions driven by increased respiration in boreal ecosystems.