Preparation and emission characteristics of ethanol-diesel fuel blends

The preparation of ethanol-diesel fuel blends and their emission characteristics were investigated. Results showed the absolute ethanol can dissolve in diesel fuel at an arbitrary ratio and a small quantity of water(0.2% ) addition can lead to the phase separation of blends. An organic additive was synthesized and it can develop the ability of resistance to water and maintain the stability of ethanol-diesel-trace amounts of water system. The emission characteristics of 10%, 20%, and 30% ethanol-diesel fuel blends, with or without additives, were compared with those of diesel fuel in a direct injection(DI) diesel engine. The experimental results indicated that the blend of ethanol with diesel fuel significantly reduced the concentrations of smoke, hydrocarbon(HC), and carbon monoxide(CO) in exhaust gas. Using 20% ethanol-diesel fuel blend with the additive of 2% of the total volume, the optimum mixing ratio was achieved, at which the bench diesel engine testing showed a significant decrease in exhaust gas. Bosch smoke number was reduced by 55%, HC emission by 70%, and CO emission by 45%, at 13 kW/1540 r/min. However, ethanol-diesel fuel blends produced a few ppm acetaldehydes and more ethanol in exhaust gas.     

基于全局敏感性分析方法的WASP模型不确定性分析

为了定量讨论WASP(The water quality analysis simulation program,水质分析模拟程序)模型中各参数对模拟结果的影响及其不确定性,本文在Simulink环境下对模型进行重组,利用Sobol方法,对影响DO、CBOD、NH3-N、NO3--N等4项输出的各参数敏感性进行了研究,重点讨论了输入条件如时空变化对参数敏感性的影响.结果表明:Sobol全局敏感性分析方法能够有效地筛选出WASP模型中对DO、CBOD、NH3-N、NO3-变化模拟较为敏感的参数,在实现模型参数“本土化”中具有较大的应用潜力;对比总敏感性与一阶敏感性指数之间的差异, WASP模型当中的若干参数(如GP1、PNH3、anc等)耦合性较强,不宜使用一次一个变量法对这些变量进行敏感性分析;在参数敏感性变化方面,即使对于同一条河流,WASP的参数敏感性指数会因边界条件的时空变化而发生改变.敏感性受空间变化的影响不大,但受时间(季节)变化的影响显著;输入变量随时间的变化,会引起模型不确定性在各季节上的较大的差异;WASP模型当中存在明显的“异参同效”作用,仅靠传统方法进行全局寻优率定,并不能体现水体各组分之间相互转化的过程,还需要结合实验对关键参数进行率定.     

氮磷限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻产生土嗅素特征研究

采用批量培养的方法研究了螺旋鱼腥藻在氮限制和磷限制条件下生长与土嗅素的产生特征.在磷限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻的生长速率降低,不易生成异形胞;而在氮限制下鱼腥藻生长良好,并生成异形胞,异形胞形成的比例为3.5%~4.4%.在磷限制和氮限制条件下,单位细胞土嗅素的浓度在培养的前20d内都处于急速下降的趋势,之后开始趋于平缓,分别维持在3.18×10-5,3.68×10-5ng/cell左右.氮限制条件下螺旋鱼腥藻单位细胞土嗅素的生成量略高于磷限制条件下.氮限制条件下,螺旋鱼腥藻单位细胞叶绿素a的生成量高于磷限制条件下.螺旋鱼腥藻单位细胞产生的土嗅素与叶绿素a的质量比(geosmin/Chl a)在磷限制条件下要高于氮限制条件下.     

北运河沉积物中氨氧化微生物的群落特征

采用T-RFLP、RT-qPCR和克隆测序等分子生物学技术,以氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)为分子标记,研究了北运河表层沉积物中氨氧化古菌(AOA)和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落多样性、丰度、系统发育及其与环境因子的响应关系.结果表明,沉积物中AOB的群落多样性和丰度均高于AOA,是北运河沉积物中氨氧化过程的主要功能微生物.沉积物中氨氧化微生物群落结构沿干流和支流存在明显的空间分异,而AOA的种类组成空间差异较小;沉积物的氨氮(NH4+)和硝态氮(NO3﹣+NO2﹣)是影响氨氧化微生物群落特征的主要因子,AOB对环境变化的敏感性更高;AOA和AOB的amoA基因拷贝数分别为1.32×105~1.91×106copies/g、5.39×105~8.3×106copies/g.闸坝下游沉积物的氨氧化微生物丰度最高.系统发育分析表明,amoA基因序列多属于土壤/沉积物分支,较多AOB的克隆序列与土壤亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)的类群相似性可达98%.受污水处理厂退水的影响,部分amoA基因序列与污水处理厂废水和活性污泥中发现的类群同源性高.污染物质来源、支流汇入和闸坝拦截对河流沉积物氨氧化微生物的群落特征影响显著.     

贵阳市不同空间高度灰尘和重金属沉降通量

采集贵阳市不同空间高度灰尘样品,分析灰尘及其中常量元素Ca和Fe、微量有害重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的沉降通量随空间高度的变化,通过引进灰尘沉降量,结合灰尘中微量有害重金属含量,采用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价不同空间高度灰尘重金属导致的环境风险.结果表明:灰尘沉降通量随着楼层增高而减小;不同楼层灰尘元素含量变化差异不大,Fe、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb元素含量在不同空间高度上随楼层增高而增大,而Cr和Zn元素是随着楼层增高而减小; 8种元素沉降通量分布总体趋势是随楼层的升高,沉降通量降低,尤以Ca、Cr和Zn表现最为明显;引进灰尘沉降量评价灰尘重金属导致的环境风险显示1~3层和7层环境风险较高,4~6层灰尘重金属导致的环境风险较低,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn是主要风险元素.     

Synthesis of magnetic CoFe2O4/ordered mesoporous carbon nanocomposites and application in Fenton-like oxidation of rhodamine B

CoFe₂O₄/ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) nanocomposites were synthesized and tested as heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for the removal of rhodamine B. Characterization confirmed that CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were tightly bonded to OMC, and the hybrid catalyst possessed high surface area, pore volume, and superparamagnetism. Oxidation experiments demonstrated that CoFe₂O₄/OMC nanocomposites displayed favorable catalytic activity in PMS solution and rhodamine B degradation could be well described by pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Sulfate radicals (SO₄ ⁻·) were verified as the primary reactive species which was responsible for the decomposition of rhodamine B. The optimum loading ratio of CoFe₂O₄ and OMC was determined to be 5:1. Under optimum operational condition (catalyst dosage 0.05 g/L, PMS concentration 1.5 mM, pH 7.0, and 25 °C), CoFe₂O₄/OMC-activated peroxymonosulfate system could achieve almost complete decolorization of 100 mg/L rhodamine B within 60 min. The enhanced catalytic activity of CoFe₂O₄/OMC nanocomposites compared to that of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles could be attributable to the increased adsorption capacity and accelerated redox cycles between Co(III)/Co(II) and Fe(III)/Fe(II).

     

分层土柱法研究石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移

经对以往的土柱实验进行改进,通过室内分层土柱实验,揭示了石油烃类污染物在非饱和带的运移规律。分别从不同叠加厚度土柱的对比和不同淋滤水量土柱的对比,可以更准确地从空间与时间上揭示污染物的迁移情况,实验结果符合已有的研究和野外自然剖面的特征。     

Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in aqueous solutions

Hexavalent chromium is a priority pollutant in the USA and many other countries. Reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is environmentally favorable as the latter species is not toxic to most living organisms and also has a low mobility and bioavailability. Reduction of Cr(VI) by ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a reductant was studied using potassium dichromate solution as the model pollutant. Effects of concentration of vitamin C, pH, temperature, irradiation and reaction time on the reduction of Cr(VI) were examined. Cr(VI) might be reduced by vitamin C not only in acidic conditions but also in weakly alkaline solutions. The reduction of Cr(VI) by vitamin C might occur not only under irradiation but also in the dark. Vitamin C is an important biological reductant in humans and animals, and not toxic. It is water-soluble and can easily permeate through various types of soils. The results indicate that vitamin C could be used in effective remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils and groundwater in a wide range of pH, with or without sunlight.