在实践中丰富和发展马克思主义--论环境友好型社会的理论贡献和现实意义

坚持以反映时代特征和实践要求的科学理论指导实践,并根据实践经验不断进行理论创新,是马克思主义认识论的本质要求.资源节约型和环境友好型社会的提出和建设,就是我们党在总结对人与自然关系认识的基础上,借鉴国外的发展经验和教训,运用马克思主义唯物史观指导社会主义建设实践的一个范例,是对马克思主义认识论的丰富和发展.     

黄瓜根分泌物中化感物质的鉴定及其化感效应

作物生长过程中能从根系分泌释放出化感物质,此类物质被认为是引起连作障碍的重要因子。为进一步明确黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)根分泌物中化感物质与其连作障碍间的关系,采用GC-MS分析法,鉴定了XAD-4吸附树脂收集黄瓜水培液所获得根分泌物化感物质的种类,并考察了根分泌物对黄瓜种子胚根伸长及鉴定出的酚酸类化感物质对黄瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:黄瓜根分泌物中化感物质主要有苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸,香草酸,阿魏酸,苯丙酸等苯甲酸的衍生物。根系分泌物酸性、中碱性组分对黄瓜胚根伸长都有抑制作用,其中酸性组分抑制作用更加明显。42h内,质量浓度低于50mg·L-1时,酚酸对枯萎病菌菌丝生长有刺激作用,而高于50mg·L-1时,对菌丝生长有抑制作用。随处理时间延长,枯萎病菌对酚酸物质的耐受性增强,对高质量浓度酚酸的生长抑制作用表现不明显。本研究为从根际微生态角度揭示连作障碍机理积累了重要数据。     

垃圾填埋场细菌种群空间分布及组成多样性研究

采用PCR-DGGE技术对垃圾填埋场细菌种群垂直分布及组成多样性进行了研究．结果表明：垃圾填埋场细菌种群组成波动较大,某些种群对环境因子的变化十分敏感．在填埋年龄已达3a的取样点,细菌种群的多样性随着垃圾填埋深度的增加而呈现“多—少—多”的变化趋势。各种群间相对密度也呈现由不均一到均一的变化规律,部分层次优势种和非优势种发生较大变化．填埋深度4．0m至6．25m左右的区域是填埋场微生物区系组成发生变化的过渡区,该区域细菌种群的多样性较小,亲缘关系相差比较大的种交叉在一起,具有明显的过渡特征．从时间因素来看,填埋场同层次微生物群落组成随时间延长,种群构成趋于稳定．表层垃圾1～2a内,细菌种群处于交替更叠的阶段,日趋发育成熟．8．25m以下层次的细菌种群主要受填埋深度影响,与填埋时间关系较小。     

冬季混凝土桥梁施工监控中温度参数的识别

混凝土桥梁温度场设计参数是影响桥梁施工误差的主要因素之一,施工过程中对其进行有效的识别直接关系到混凝土桥梁的结构安全。目前我国尚缺少各季节、各地区的混凝土桥梁温度场监测资料。为了分析冬季施工过程中混凝土桥梁的温度场分布,对榆林地区某斜拉桥进行了箱梁室内外温度和温度效应监测,根据热传导理论,建立了数值模型,采用瞬态热分析方法,得出了该地区冬季理论温度场。通过与箱梁相应温度测量值的比较,基于MATLAB平台,对82组数据进行了指数拟合,得出了适用于榆林地区冬季混凝土桥梁的温度场分布图。     

新型BOD微生物传感流动注射检测仪的研制

研制采用微生物传感技术和流动分析技术来快速测定BOD的仪器。主要技术性能:测量周期为15min;误差率<5%;偏差<5%。通过对国家标准样品和不同水质污水的测试表明,其具有自动化程度高,测量周期短的优点;准确度、稳定性均达到国家标准;且具有良好的适应性。     

Transformation and removal of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip from selective catalytic reduction in wet flue gas desulfurization system

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitration may increase the emission of NH₄⁺ and NH₃. The removal and transformation characteristics of ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip during the wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) process, as well as the effect of desulfurization parameters, were investigated in an experimental system equipped with a simulated SCR flue gas generation system and a limestone-based WFGD system. The results indicate that the ammonium sulfate aerosols and ammonia slip in the flue gas from SCR can be partly removed by slurry scrubbing, while the entrainment and evaporation of desulfurization slurry with accumulated NH₄⁺ will generate new ammonium-containing particles and gaseous ammonia. The ammonium-containing particles formed by desulfurization are not only derived from the entrainment of slurry droplets, but also from the re-condensation of gaseous ammonia generated by slurry evaporation. Therefore, even if the concentration of NH₄⁺ in the desulfurization slurry is quite low, a high level of NH₄⁺ was still contained in the fine particles at the outlet of the scrubber. When the accumulated NH₄⁺ in the desulfurization slurry was high enough, the WFGD system promoted the conversion of NH₃ to NH₄⁺ and increased the additional emission of primary NH₄⁺ aerosols. With the decline of the liquid/gas ratio and flue gas temperature, the removal efficiency of ammonia sulfate aerosols increased, and the NH₄⁺ emitted from entrainment and evaporation of the desulfurization slurry decreased. In addition, the volatile ammonia concentration after the WFGD system was reduced with the decrease of the NH₄⁺ concentration and pH values of the slurry.     

五氯酚对盐泽螺旋藻的毒性研究

研究了五氯酚对盐泽螺旋藻的毒性作用。结果表明，五氯酚对盐泽螺旋藻的生长量、叶绿素含量和藻胆素含量的ＩＣ５０分别是４．２６、０．３６９、１．１３２ｍｇ／Ｌ。实验结果还显示，五氯酚在实际浓度范围内，刺激盐泽螺旋藻的硝酸还原酶的活性，并有随浓度增高，活性增强的趋势。     

Effect of substrate COD/N ratio on performance and microbial community structure of a membrane aerated biofilm reactor

Two parallel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactors were operated at well-defined conditions to investigate the e ect of substrate COD/N ratios on the performance and microbial community structure of the bioreactor. Results showed that at substrate COD/N of 5, organic and nitrogen could be eliminated simultaneously, and COD removal degree, nitrification and denitrification e ciency reached 85%, 93% and 92%, respectively. With increasing substrate COD/N ratios, the specific oxygen utilization rates of nitrifying bacteria in biofilm were found to decrease, indicating that nitrifying population became less dominant. At substrate COD/N ratio of 6, excessive heterotrophs inhibited the activity of nitrifying bacteria greatly and thus led to poor nitrification process. With the help of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira were identified as dominant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in the biofilm at substrate COD/N of 0, whereas only Nitrosospira were detected in the biofilm at COD/N ratio of 5. Nitrospira were present as dominant nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in our study. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images revealed that at substrate COD/N ratio of 0 nitrifying bacteria existed throughout the biofilm and that at COD/N ratio of 5 they were mainly distributed in the inner layer of biofilm.     

建设环境友好型社会需要处理好的几大关系

"十一五"和今后较长时期是我国经济社会发展和环境保护工作的重要战略机遇期,建设环境友好型社会是这个时期的战略性任务,需要坚持改革创新,变革对环境不友好的经济发展模式,形成一套环境友好型社会的生产、消费、技术创新和决策体系.     

Improvement of the activity and SO2 tolerance of Sb-modified Mn/PG catalysts for NH3-SCR at a low temperature

A series of MnM/palygorskite (PG) (M = La, W, Mo, Sb, Mg) catalysts was prepared by the wetness co-impregnation method for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH₃. Conversion efficiency followed the order Sb > Mo > La > W > Mg. A combination of various physico-chemical techniques was used to investigate the influence of Sb-modified Mn/PG catalysts. MnSb_0.156/PG catalyst showed highest NO conversion at low temperatures in the presence of SO₂ which reveals that addition of Sb oxides effectively enhances the SCR activity of catalysts. A SO₂ step-wise study showed that MnSb_0.156/PG catalyst displays higher durable resistance to SO₂ than Mn/PG catalyst, where the sulfating of active phase is greatly inhibited after Sb doping. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that Sb loading enhances the dispersion of Mn oxides on the carrier surface. According to the results of characterization analyses, it is suggested that the main reason for the deactivation of Mn/PG is the formation of manganese sulfates which cause the permanent deactivation of Mn-based catalysts. For Sb-doped Mn/PG catalyst, SO_x ad-species formed were mainly combined with SbO_x rather than MnO_x. This preferential interaction between SbO_x and SO₂ effectively shields the MnO_x as active species from being sulfated by SO₂ resulting in the improvement of SO₂ tolerance on Sb-added catalyst. Multiple information support that, owing to the addition of Sb, original formed MnO_x crystallite has been completely transformed into highly dispersed amorphous phase accounting for higher SCR activity.