利用微生物进行煤炭脱硫

从松藻煤矿分离到的氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans)菌株T-4,能够利用煤炭中的黄铁矿作为能源基质,用含有细胞量10~8-10~9个/ml,pH1.55-1.70的种菌液,脱除煤炭中的无机硫,并进行了细菌煤炭脱硫的条件试验,9个样品4—72h试验结果,总硫量由1.31—2.45％降至1.05—1.88％,黄铁矿硫脱除率达86.11—95.16％.     

锑胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长与锑吸收及抗氧化酶的影响

为了探讨AM(arbuscular mycorrhizal,丛枝菌根)真菌在Sb(锑)胁迫下对农作物生长及吸收Sb的影响,采用盆栽试验研究了在不同Sb添加量[即w(Sb)分别为0、500、1 000 mg/kg]下,接种AM真菌对玉米植株生物量以及N、P和Sb的吸收、膜脂过氧化[MDA(丙二醛)]和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:随着土壤中Sb添加量的增加,玉米植株的生物量、w(TN)和w(TP)均呈显著下降趋势,植株体内的w(Sb)和Sb积累量、MDA含量、CAT(过氧化氢酶)以及POD(过氧化酶)活性均显著上升.与未接种组相比,接种AM真菌显著促进了玉米植株的生长,提高了玉米植株地上部分的w(TN)和w(TP).在3个Sb添加量处理下,接种显著增加了玉米植株地下部分的w(Sb)、地上和地下部分的Sb积累量以及地上部分的CAT活性,增幅分别为8.90%~23.30%、18.87%~28.37%、27.68%~78.95%及14.92%~88.52%;同时,接种降低了玉米植株中Sb的转运率、玉米植株地上部分的w(Sb)和MDA含量,在1000 mg/kg Sb添加量下差异达显著水平,三者分别降低了36.35%、22.81%和24.29%.研究显示,在Sb污染环境下,接种AM真菌能够减轻玉米植株膜脂过氧化程度,在提高玉米植株地下部分w(Sb)的同时,也会降低Sb向地上部分的转运,减轻Sb对玉米的毒害作用.      

新型SBBR处理畜禽废水脱氮实验研究

以畜禽废水为处理对象,将序批式运行模式应用到好氧三相内循环生物流化床中,考察在不同模式下的处理效果及氮的转化情况。实验结果表明,在室温条件下,进水COD浓度为2 000 mg/L左右,总氮为140 mg/L左右时,保持溶解氧在2~2.5 mg/L,交替好氧/缺氧运行方式处理效果优于单一的好氧/缺氧方式;模式为3 h(曝气)-1.5 h(停曝)-1.5 h(曝气)-1 h(停曝)时系统对总氮和氨氮处理效果最好,总氮去除率达到90%,系统主要脱氮方式为同步硝化反硝化和短程硝化反硝化。     

台风灾害债券设计——基于广东省数据的实证研究

台风作为全球发生频率最高,影响最严重的一种自然灾害,对我国的影响也非常严重。在巨灾风险证券化、巨灾债券已成为巨灾保险业大趋势的背景下,发展我国台风灾害债券具有重要的现实意义。以我国受台风灾害影响最严重的省份——广东省为研究对象,收集了其近30年相关台风损失数据,利用非寿险精算技术分析其台风的损失分布和次数分布,在此基础上利用CAMP模型和现金流分析对广东省的台风灾害债券做了初步设计。     

三垟湿地沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态研究

沉积物与上覆水间营养物质交换,成为导致水体发生富营养化的首要化学变迁过程.分别在三垟湿地的柑橘林(S1)、景观用地(S2)和生活用地(S3)取样,研究了沉积物-间隙水-上覆水界面磷形态以及相互关系.结果表明:(1)沉积物TP增加时,间隙水PO3-4和可溶性总磷(TDP)也增加.要削减磷在上覆水中的含量,控制间隙水PO3-4或TDP是一良策.(2)随着沉积物铁磷、铝磷的增加,间隙水PO3-4也增加.在三垟湿地沉积物中,铁磷和铝磷含量都可作为间隙水PO34-含量的指示.(3)S1、S2和S3的沉积物活性磷、间隙水TDP和上覆水TDP存在明显的浓度梯度,沉积物活性磷＞间隙水TDP＞上覆水TDP.说明在三垟湿地中,沉积物活性磷是磷释放的关键因子,而沉积物-间隙水界面则是磷释放的关键界面.     

肥效调节型肥料的特性

对肥效调节型肥料的概念、类型、溶解特性及肥效性做了详释．并指出随着我国经济高速发展、公民环保意识增强,肥效调节型肥料将在我国未来肥料市场占有一席之地     

Risk assessment of heavy metals in road and soil dusts within PM2.5, PM10 and PM100 fractions in Dongying city, Shandong Province, China

15 road and 14 soil dust samples were collected from an oilfield city, Dongying, from 11/2009-4/2010 and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) for V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb within PM(2.5), PM(10) and PM(100) fractions synchronously. Metal concentrations, sources and human health risk were studied. Results showed that both soil and road dust exhibited higher values for Mn and Zn and lower values for Co and Cd for the three fractions. Mass concentration ratios of PM(2.5)/PM(10) and PM(10)/PM(100) for metals in road and soil dust indicate that most of the heavy metals tend to concentrate in fine particles. Geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors analysis showed that Cu, Zn and Cd exhibited moderate or heavy contamination and significant enrichment, indicating the influence of anthropogenic sources. Vanadium, Cr, Mn and Co were mostly not enriched and were mainly influenced by crustal sources. For Ni, As and Pb, they ranged from not enriched to moderately enriched and were influenced by both crustal materials and anthropogenic sources. The conclusions were confirmed by multivariate analysis methods. Principle component analysis revealed that the major sources were vehicle emission, industrial activities, coal combustion, agricultural activities and crustal materials. The risk assessment results indicated that metal ingestion appeared to be the main exposure route followed by dermal contact. The most likely cause for cancer and other health risks are both the fine particles of soil and road dusts.     

Chemical compositions and sources of atmospheric PM10 in heating, non-heating and sand periods at a coal-based city in northeastern China

Mass concentrations and chemical components (18 elements, 9 ions, organic carbon [OC] and elemental carbon [EC]) in atmospheric PM(10) were measured at five sites in Fushun during heating, non-heating and sand periods in 2006-2007. PM(10) mass concentrations varied from 62.0 to 226.3 μg m(-3), with 21% of the total samples' mass concentrations exceeding the Chinese national secondary standard value of 150 μg m(-3), mainly concentrated in heating and sand periods. Crustal elements, trace elements, water-soluble ions, OC and EC represented 20-47%, 2-9%, 13-34%, 15-34% and 13-25% of the particulate matter mass concentrations, respectively. OC and crustal elements exhibited the highest mass percentages, at 27-34% and 30-47% during heating and sand period. Local agricultural residuals burning may contribute to EC and ion concentrations, as shown by ion temporal variation and OC and EC correlation analysis. Heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu and Mn) from coal combustion and industrial processes should be paid attention to in heating and sand periods. The anion/cation ratios exhibited their highest values for the background site with the influence of stationary sources on its upper wind direction during the sand period. Secondary organic carbon were 1.6-21.7, 1.5-23.0, 0.4-17.0, 0.2-33.0 and 0.2-21.1 μg m(-3), accounting for 20-77%, 44-88%, 4-77%, 8-69% and 4-73% of OC for the five sampling sites ZQ, DZ, XH, WH and SK, respectively. From the temporal and spatial variation analysis of major species, coal combustion, agricultural residual burning and industrial emission including dust re-suspended from raw material storage piles were important sources for atmospheric PM(10) in Fushun at heating, non-heating and sand periods, respectively. It was confirmed by principal component analysis that coal combustion, vehicle emission, industrial activities, soil dust, cement and construction dust and biomass burning were the main sources for PM(10) in this coal-based city.     

土酸化学刺激剂提高花岗岩渗透率的试验研究

增强型地热系统(EGS)是通过人工形成地热储层而从低渗透性岩体中经济地采出热能的地热系统。为了提高热储层的渗透率,需要对热储层实施化学刺激,增加深部岩体中地热能的采收率。以采自青海共和盆地的花岗岩样品(与盆地基底干热岩体的岩性相同)为研究对象,选用10%HCl+3%HF的土酸为化学刺激剂,在不同温度和试验时间反应条件下开展了花岗岩化学刺激试验,研究了土酸化学刺激剂对实际EGS储层的化学刺激效果以及溶蚀特征。结果表明:土酸刺激后花岗岩的渗透率明显提高,且其渗透率的提高倍数随温度的升高和时间的延长而增大;化学刺激试验中发现花岗岩化学组成中石英和长石发生溶蚀,而且还生成了氟铝酸钾、氟硅酸钾和石英蚀变矿物。