We evaluated the SARS-CoV-2-inactivation activity of ozonated glycerol (OG). When a viral solution with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was mixed with test solutions at a ratio of 1:19 and incubated for 20 s, OG with ozone concentrations of over 1000 ppm inactivated ≥ 94.38% of the virus. Extension of the reaction time to 1 h led to the inactivation of ≥ 99.82% of the virus (the viral titer was below the detection limit). Extension to 24 h resulted in concentrations over 200 ppm OG inactivating ≥ 99.87% of the virus (the viral titers were below the detection limit). Next, viral solutions with 1, 20, and 40% FBS were mixed with test solutions at a ratio of 1:19 and incubated for 5 min. Whereas the virucidal activity of 500 ppm OG was very limited in the presence of 1% FBS (79.47% inactivation), it increased in the presence of 20 and 40% FBS (95.13 and 97.95% inactivation, respectively; the viral titers were not below the detection limit). Meanwhile, over 1000 ppm OG inactivated ≥ 99.44% of the virus regardless of the FBS concentration (the viral titers were below the detection limit). Extension of the reaction time to 1 h led to 500 ppm OG inactivating ≥ 99.91 and ≥ 99.95% of the virus with 20 and 40% FBS, respectively (the viral titers were below the detection limit). These results suggested that OG might be useful as a virucidal agent against SARS-CoV-2.
We investigated the growth interaction between Cochlodinium polykrikoides and Akashiwo sanguinea using bi-algal cultures. When cultured together, morphologically abnormal cells of A. sanguinea appeared and the growth of A. sanguinea notably decreased. When C. polykrikoides and A. sanguinea were cultured separately in inner and outer wells separated by a membrane with a pore size of 3 μm, neither species showed
suppressed growth and no morphologically abnormal cells of A. sanguinea were observed. Furthermore, filtrates from C. polykrikoides cultures did not affect the cell morphology or the growth of A. sanguinea. When the abnormal cells of A. sanguinea were transferred from bi-algal cultures into fresh medium and cultured as a mono-algal culture, cells recovered their normal
morphology and multiplied. Therefore, the growth inhibition and formation of morphologically abnormal cells of A. sanguinea would be induced by constant cell contact with C. polykrikoides. 相似文献
The present study (Ishigaki Island, Japan) explored the distance of transmission of chemical cues emitted by live versus dead coral reefs (Exp. 1: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses with water sampling station at 0, 1, and 2 km away from the reef) and the potential attraction of these chemical cues by larval fish, crustaceans, and cephalopods (Exp. 2: choice flume experiment conducted on 54 Chromis viridis larvae, 52 Palaemonidae sp larvae, and 16 Sepia latimanus larvae). In the experiment 1, HPLC analyses highlighted that the live coral reef (and not the dead coral reef) produced different and distinct molecules, and some of these molecules could be transported to a distance of at least 2 km from the reef with a reduction of concentration by 14–17-fold. In the experiment 2, C. viridis, Palaemonidae sp, and S. latimanus larvae were significantly attracted by chemical cues from a live coral reef (sampling station: 0 km), but not from a dead coral reef. However, only C. viridis larvae detected the chemical cues until 1 km away from the live coral reef. Overall, our study showed that chemical cues emitted by a live coral reef were transported farthest away in the ocean (at least 2 km) compared to those from a dead coral reef and that fish larvae could detect these cues until 1 km. These results support the assumption of a larval settlement ineffective in degraded coral reefs, which will assist conservationists and reef managers concerned with maintaining biodiversity on reefs that are becoming increasingly degraded. 相似文献
To decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, the Chinese government proposed the circular economy (CE) strategy
as part of its 11th 5-Year Plan. This strategy expands the application of CE from individual enterprises to eco-industrial
parks (EIPs) and to the cities, provinces, and regions. We carried out field studies in three EIPs in Baotou, Suzhou, and
Shanghai. In this paper, we discuss the current state of CE and the sustainable development of EIPs in China. We first provide
detailed information on the three EIPs' infrastructures, preferential policies, CE frameworks, and eco-chains. We then examine
the status of sustainable development in the three EIPs from the perspectives of socio-economic, resource and material efficiency,
and environmental performance. The results indicate that the overall performance of the three EIPs is reasonably good with
respect to socio-economics, resources and materials, and efficiency and environmental protection, whereas green management
is rather weak and thus requires further improvement. We found that the CE frameworks along with eco-chains within the EIPs
are effectively improving resource and material efficiency. Moreover, we demonstrate that there are positive associations
among socio-economic, resource and material, and environmental indicators. Given the large presence of EIPs in the local economies,
these results suggest that EIPs play a key role in promoting sustainable development in China. 相似文献
In the actual environment, temperatures fluctuate drastically through season or global warming and are thought to affects risk of pollutants for aquatic biota; however, there is no report about the effect of water temperature on toxicity of widely used herbicide diuron to fresh water microalgae. The present research investigated inhibitory effect of diuron on growth and photosynthetic activity of a green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata at five different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) for 144 h of exposure. As a result, effective diuron concentrations at which a 50 % decrease in algal growth occurred was increased with increasing water temperature ranging from 9.2 to 20.1 μg L–1 for 72 h and 9.4–28.5 μg L–1 for 144 h. The photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm ratio) was significantly reduced at all temperatures by diuron exposure at 32 μg L–1 after 72 h. Inhibition rates was significantly increased with decreased water temperature (P?<?0.01). Intracellular H2O2 levels as an indicator of oxidative stress were also decreased with increasing temperature in both control and diuron treatment groups and were about 2.5 times higher in diuron treatment groups than that of controls (P?<?0.01). Our results suggest water temperatures may affect the toxicokinetics of diuron in freshwater and should therefore be considered in environmental risk assessment. 相似文献
We examined the effects of tributyltin (TBT) on embryonic development, hatching success and sexual differentiation in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Embryos (within 8h after fertilization) were exposed to TBT in ovo via nanoinjection at concentrations of 0 (control), 0.16, 0.80, 3.96, 19.2 and 82.1 ng/egg. Embryonic survival, development and hatching were observed. Hatched fry were reared until 60 days when they sexually matured, and sexual differentiation was also examined by accordance of genetic and phenotypic sex, based on existence of DMY (a male determining gene in medaka) and secondary sex characteristics. As results, TBT caused a concentration-dependent mortality and impaired the embryonic development. However, no masculinization was detected at 60 dph medaka adults. Lowest observed effective concentration for inducing abnormal embryonic development was estimated to 0.16 ng/egg (ca. 160 ng/g egg). 相似文献
Seagrass beds are often considered to be important nurseries for coral reef fish, yet the effectiveness of these nursery functions
(refuge and food availability) at different juvenile stages is poorly understood. To understand how the demands of juvenile
fish on seagrass nursery functions determines the timing of ontogenetic habitat shifts from seagrass beds to coral reefs,
we conducted visual transect survey and field tethering and caging experiments on three different sizes of the coral reef
fish Pacific yellowtail emperor (Lethrinus atkinsoni) during its juvenile tenure in seagrass beds at Ishigaki Island, southern Japan. The study showed that although the number
of individual L. atkinsoni juveniles decreased by >90 % during their stay in the seagrass nursery, the shelter and/or food availability functions of
the nursery, at least for a juvenile size of approximately 5 cm total length (TL), provided the best survival and growth option.
The timing of ontogenetic migration to coral reefs of larger fish (>8 cm TL) was attributed to foraging efficiency for larger
food items in different habitats. Overall, the function of the seagrass bed nursery changed with juvenile body size, with
marginally higher survival and significantly greater growth rates during early juvenile stages in seagrass beds compared to
coral reefs. This would contribute to the enhancement in the number of individuals eventually recruited to adult populations. 相似文献
Many voluntary incentive programs for provision of forest ecosystem services (ES) have low participation rates, insufficient enrollment areas, and inefficient ecological outcomes. Understanding participation behavior in such programs has therefore become a crucial part of policy success. We synthesized a large body of literature on the behavior of nonindustrial private forest owners based on surveys of stated (intended) participation or data on actual participation in existing or hypothetical programs. Using metaregression analysis, we examined how methodological, program-characteristic, and economic-incentive variables affected participation rate estimates. Participation rates tended to be overestimated when landowner participation was elicited in hypothetical choice situations (compared with real situations) and when dichotomous choice surveys (compared with census data) were used. The marginal effect sizes were quite large, for example, a 31% increase with use of stated choices in hypothetical scenarios, and practitioners should therefore be aware of them. However, use of choice experiment surveys in a modified scenario based on existing programs had no effect on participation when all other determinants were controlled for. Participation rates decreased significantly as length of the contract increased and when there was no withdrawal option. These results suggest that perpetual contracts have a lower negative impact on participation than time-limited contracts with a duration of over 50 years. We confirmed that as compensation amounts increased, participation increased. One-time up-front payments were more effective in increasing initial participation than annual payments for contracts of over 5 years. We identified the robust determinants and the effect sizes of those determinants on landowner participation rate estimates, thereby contributing to a better understanding of forest owner behavior and offering useful insights to enable researchers and resource managers to improve the design and efficiency of new and existing forest ES programs. 相似文献