红外探测巷道围岩地质构造的理论与应用

利用红外技术探测地质构造是预防巷道作业重大安全事故的有效途径。笔者根据红外辐射原理 ,分析了地质构造引起的岩石密度变化和巷道围岩辐射功率之间的相关性 ,提出了红外探测巷道地质构造的理论、方法及适用条件。应用结果表明 :红外探测技术不仅可简便、直观地分析和预测采掘巷道围岩地质的变化趋势 ,而且可用于巷道围岩瓦斯涌出异常地段的原因探测 ,指导安全防范措施的有效实施     

Predicting System-Scale Impacts of Oyster Clearance on Phytoplankton Productivity in a Small Subtropical Estuary

Oyster populations in south Florida estuaries have declined in part through altered salinity driven by anthropogenic changes in freshwater inputs. In particular, the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE) in southeastern Florida has suffered widespread loss of oyster habitat. With efforts underway to improve water quality and oyster habitat in the SLE, the goal of this study was to develop a model to assess ecosystem level impacts of oyster restoration. Phytoplankton and oyster biomass modeling targets were established from observational data collected from 2005 to 2009. Modeled oyster biomass production and filtration fluctuated with temperature, salinity, and total suspended solids from a combination of observational and predicted input functions in 10-year simulations (1998–2007). Model estimates of oyster biomass fluctuated with salinity from near zero after extreme freshwater discharge in 2002–2003 and 2004–2005 to maximum values near 150.0 and 200.0 g?C?m^?2 in spring 1999 and fall 2006. There was potential for algal blooms as turnover time for the phytoplankton standing stock (15.6 days) was faster than water mass turnover (21.0 days). While >1,000 days were required for 50 ha of oyster habitat to filter the entire volume of the estuarine segment, filter time reduced to <20 days with an estimated fivefold increase in net consumption of phytoplankton if the oyster habitat was increased to 300 ha. Re-establishment of biologically desirable salinity envelopes would stabilize oyster survival allowing the possibility for successful habitat restoration to benefit water quality and faunal attributes of the St. Lucie Estuary.     

减灾的经济和社会效益初探

本文概述了目前减灾的经济和社会效益研究概况,指出现阶段灾害社会和经济学研究方面的四大问题;探讨了减灾与经济、减灾与政治、减灾与社会发展等的关系。     

组合钢管混凝土式防屈曲支撑

由于河北省图书馆加固改造工程的实际需要,开发出了一种新型组合钢管混凝土式防屈曲支撑。该新型支撑解决了全钢型防屈曲支撑在大长度时难以满足稳定性的问题,而且比起传统钢管混凝土约束的防屈曲支撑,无需考虑内芯与混凝土之间的粘结力问题,加工过程简便、施工速度快,且质量容易控制。现已对此类新型支撑完成了短试件和足尺试件的拟静力滞回性能试验,试验结果表明,新型支撑的滞回曲线饱满稳定,整体稳定性和局部稳定性较好,满足工程要求。     

固相萃取法处理环境水样中酞酸酯:流速与除水方式的影响

利用固相萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用分析探讨了不同过柱流速、过柱后除水方式等对水样加标回收率的影响,同时还比较了3种C18填料的商品柱对分析方法的空白和回收率影响.结果表明,采用500mg/3ml的常规小柱足以分析水环境的酞酸酯含量.水样过柱流速最好保持在3ml.min-1左右,过完水样后不可抽干小柱,用6m.lmin-1氮气吹小柱20min后,洗脱液再过无水硫酸钠,可获得较为理想的回收率.萃取柱的材质对分析方法空白有一定影响,玻璃小柱要比塑料小柱的空白低,但从可操作性和满足回收率的要求角度出发,小容积的塑料小柱基本能满足酞酸酯的痕量分析要求.     

Comparative study of calcium alginate,ball-milled biochar,and their composites on aqueous methylene blue adsorption

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In this work, a novel composite, ball-milled biochar (BMB) encapsulated in calcium-alginate (CA) beads (CA-BMB), was synthesized as an alternative...     

Occurrence and environmental implications of pharmaceuticals in Chinese municipal sewage sludge

The presence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environment has become a topic of concern because of their potential adverse effects on human health and wildlife species. A total of 45 dewatered sewage sludge samples were collected throughout China and analyzed for 30 commonly consumed pharmaceutical residues. Ofloxacin was found to be the dominant contaminant with concentrations up to 24 760 μg kg⁻¹, followed by oxytetracycline (5280 μg kg⁻¹), norfloxacin (5280 μg kg⁻¹) and ketoprofen (4458 μg kg⁻¹). The concentration of pharmaceutical residues varied greatly depending on the operation conditions of wastewater treatment plants and sampling locations. Poor agreement was found between the predicted (calculation based on the annual consumption and coefficient of sludge water partition) and detected concentrations of the pharmaceuticals indicating that the occurrence of pharmaceutical residues was affected by various factors such as loading rates, sewage properties and the chemical properties such as the contribution from polar groups. National wide fate and ecotoxicity study is required for the development of control strategies.     

桂林市酸雨污染特征及防治对策研究

为促进桂林市酸雨污染防控,利用2013—2017年桂林市3个监测站点采集的共1 147个降雨样品,分析了降雨pH、电导率和水溶性离子成分,结合气态污染物的变化特征和气象因素影响分析,探讨了桂林市酸雨污染成因,并提出了桂林市酸雨污染防治对策建议.结果表明:①2013—2017年桂林市降雨的pH年均值范围为4.85~5.23.酸雨频率范围为42.5%~74.9%,2017年酸雨频率达74.9%.虽然近年来桂林市环境空气质量明显改善,但是酸雨污染却没有明显减轻,反而在2015年后出现恶化.降雨的离子组成中,SO₄2-和NO₃-是主要的阴离子成分,分别占总离子当量浓度的28.19%和10.82%;Ca2+和NH₄+是主要的阳离子成分,分别占总离子当量浓度的23.46%和17.64%.酸中和效应分析显示,Ca2+和NH₄+为降雨中主要的中和物质.②降雨中碱性离子当量浓度的降幅比酸性离子当量浓度的降幅大,这是导致桂林市近年酸雨恶化的重要因素;此外,来自西部和东南部方向的气流对应了较高的降雨酸度和总离子当量浓度,因此污染物的远距离传输对降雨酸度和离子当量浓度也有一定影响.研究显示,桂林市SO₂和NO_x排放的持续管控将有利于酸雨污染防治,但桂林市目前实施的削减大气粗颗粒物和NH₃排放的大气污染控制策略对于降雨酸度的影响还需要开展进一步评估.      

Simulation of Potential Oyster Density with Variable Freshwater Inflow (1965–2000) to the Caloosahatchee River Estuary, Southwest Florida, USA

Oyster beds are disappearing worldwide through a combination of over-harvesting, diseases, and salinity alterations in the coastal zone. Sensitivity of oysters to variable discharge and salinity is particularly acute in small sub-tropical estuaries subject to regulated freshwater releases. South Florida has sub-tropical estuaries where watershed flood control sometimes results in excessive freshwater inflow to estuaries during the wet season (May–Oct) and reduced discharge and increased salinities in the dry season (Nov–Apr). The potential to reserve freshwater accumulated during the wet season could offer the capacity to regulate freshwater at different temporal scales, thus optimizing salinity conditions for estuarine biota. The goal of this study was to use simulation modeling to explore the effects of freshwater inflows and salinity on adult oyster survival in the Caloosahatchee River Estuary (CRE) in southwest Florida. Water managers derived three different freshwater inflow scenarios for the CRE based on historical and modified watershed attributes for the time period of 1965–2000. Three different salinity time series were generated from the inflow scenarios at each of three sites in the lower CRE and used to conduct nine different oyster simulations. Overall, the predicted densities of adult oysters in the upstream site were 3–4 times greater in seasons that experienced reduced freshwater inflow (e.g., increased salinity) with oyster density in the lower estuary much less influenced by the inflows. Potential storage of freshwater reduced the frequency of extreme flows in the wet season and helped to maintain minimum inflow in the dry season near the estuarine mouth. Analyses of inflows indicated that discharges ranging from 0 to 1,500 cfs could promote favorable salinities of 10–25 in the lower CRE depending on wet versus dry season climatic conditions. This range of inflows is similar to that derived in other studies of the CRE and emphasizes the value of simulation models to help prescribe freshwater releases which benefit estuarine biota.