可拓优度评价法在城市区域消防安全评价中的应用

为了解决城市区域消防安全评价的复杂性和不确定性,本文运用可拓优度评价法,根据相关文件并结合城市区域消防的实际情况,从火灾危险程度、城市区域特征、消防实力水平和社会管理状态4个方面选取17个指标,建立了城市区域消防安全评价指标体系并划分了消防安全等级,以洛阳市西工区为例对城市区域消防安全评价的可拓优度方法进行了验证。结果表明,可拓优度方法可以准确反映出该区域消防安全水平。     

Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption‐desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure

This work was undertaken to investigate the behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption and desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure. Five kinds of activated carbon from different raw materials were selected. Adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves for toluene were measured. Langmuir and Freundlich equations were fitted to the equilibrium data, and the Freundlich equation was more suitable for simulating toluene adsorption. The process consisted of monolayer, multilayer and partial active site adsorption types. The effect of the pore structure of the activated carbons on toluene adsorption capacity was investigated. The quasi-first-order model was more suitable for describing the process than the quasi-second-order model. The adsorption data was also modeled by the internal particle diffusion model and it was found that the adsorption process could be divided into three stages. In the external surface adsorption process, the rate depended on the specific surface area. During the particle diffusion stage, pore structure and volume were the main factors affecting adsorption rate. In the final equilibrium stage, the rate was determined by the ratio of meso-and macro-pores to total pore volume. The rate over the whole adsorption process was dominated by the toluene concentration. The desorption behavior of toluene on activated carbons was investigated,and the process was divided into heat and mass transfer parts corresponding to emission and diffusion mechanisms, respectively. Physical adsorption played the main role during the adsorption process.     

2种原煤样渗透性对比试验研究

为了研究构造煤原煤样与硬煤原煤样渗透率变化规律的异同,用三轴渗流装置对2种原煤样进行了瓦斯渗透性试验。在改变单一因素条件下,分别研究围压和瓦斯压力对2种煤样渗透性的影响,同时研究轴压加载及卸载过程中2种原煤样的渗透率变化规律。结果表明;瓦斯压力恒定时,2种煤样的渗透率都随围压的增大而减小;围压恒定时,瓦斯压力在0.2~0.6 MPa范围内,2种煤样的渗透率都随瓦斯压力增大而减小;瓦斯压力及围压同时保持恒定时,2种煤样的渗透率都随轴压增大不断减小,2种煤样在卸载阶段渗透率均不断增大,但均没有恢复到加载前的渗透率,构造煤煤样渗透率恢复率比硬煤小,说明构造煤加载过程中发生塑性破坏比例大于硬煤。     

甘肃某冶炼厂区土壤重金属铅、镉污染特征及其对微生物群落结构的影响

长期受到重金属铅(Pb)和镉(Cd)污染的土壤生态危害指数较高,土壤微生物群落结构容易受到重金属的影响,重金属对土壤微生物的毒性与重金属的生物利用度直接相关.以白银市重金属污染土壤为样本,分析了土壤的理化性质、重金属Pb和Cd的污染状况及土壤微生物群落结构,探究它们之间的关联性.样本采自距离污染中心由近及远的4个位置(...     

Comparison of molecular transformation of dissolved organic matter in vermicomposting and thermophilic composting by ESI-FT-ICR-MS

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vermicomposting (VC) and thermophilic composting (TC) on the molecular transformation of...     

DMF抽提装置火灾爆炸危险性分析

运用美国道化学公司（DOW）火灾爆炸危险指数法（七版）,对中国石化北京燕山分公司合成橡胶厂DMF抽提装置的火灾爆炸危险性进行了分析评价,结合评价结果给出采取的对策和措施,以降低生产装置的危险陛。     

新型生物电Fenton法降解偶氮染料：铁复合碳毡阴极研究

传统电Fenton反应通过电化学方法产生H2O2,需外加电源,能耗大,成本高。基于MFC持续产电并可驱动阴极电Fenton系统运行的特点,本研究以铁复合碳毡为阴极电极,构建了微生物燃料电池驱动的生物电Fenton系统,探讨了铁复合碳毡及阴极pH对偶氮染料(金橙I号)脱色的影响。结果发现,铁复合碳毡脱色效果均好于普通碳毡。当pH为3时,4 h后Fe@Fe2O3/CF阴极脱色率达91.7%,明显高于α-FeOOH/CF和FeAlSi/CF的83.4%和69.9%。扫描电镜发现,Fe@Fe2O3以微粒状结构附着于碳毡表面,比表面积增大,可能是Fe@Fe2O3/CF脱色性能改善的主要原因。研究表明,低pH有利于生物电Fenton反应的进行。当pH由3.0提高至5.0时,Fe@Fe2O3/CF阴极脱色率降低至47.1%。阴极室染料脱色与阳极室废水TOC削减呈线性相关,说明阳极生物氧化是驱动阴极生物电Fenton反应的原动力。本研究提供了一种能自我维持、无需外源电力的生物电Fenton系统,为印染废水脱色提供了崭新的途径。     

水热炭化终温对污泥生物炭产量及特性的影响

以市政污泥为原料,采用水热炭化法制备生物炭,研究水热炭化终温对生物炭产量及特性的影响,着重分析不同水热炭化终温(150~330℃)下生物炭的产率、工业成分、元素组成、重金属质量分数及表面官能团的变化。结果表明:随着水热炭化终温的增大,生物炭的产率从75.8%下降至60.6%,水分、挥发分分别从2.64%与23.62%下降至0.68%与12.57%,灰分从69.59%上升至82.50%,固定碳在3.67%~5.05%波动;N、O、C的质量分数下降,相对污泥分别减小46.4%~64.0%、39.2%~88.0%、24.5%~51.3%,H的则先下降后上升,减小3.3%~-27.6%;OH、C―H和C=C官能团逐渐降解,原子比n((O+N)/C)和n(O/C)下降,n(H/C)上升,芳香性和极性降低,水热炭化进程趋于脱水还原降解反应。生物炭中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr的质量分数随水热炭化终温的增大而增大,Ni、Cd、As、Hg的则呈现出不一致的变化规律;相对污泥,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd的质量分数分别增加14.5%~49.4%、39.1%~82.6%、28.5%~73.4%、7.2%~64.5%、53.8%~88.9%,Hg的减少20.5%~83.1%,Ni和As的则增减不一。     

保定市工业废水对白洋淀微型生物群落的生态毒性

以白洋淀PFU(PolyurethaneFoamUnit)微型生物群落为种源(epicenter),评价上游工业废水的生态毒性.结果表明,在反映原生动物群集过程的3个参数Seq、G和T90%中,Seq与工业废水体积分数(φ)呈负相关.根据其回归方程Seq=42.22857-0.33374φ(R2=0.9042,P<0.01)推算出工业废水的效应浓度EC5、EC20和EC50,分别为6.3%、25.3%和65.2%.以此确定上游工业废水对白洋淀微型生物群落的无效应浓度为6.3%,最大允许浓度(MATC)为25.3%.图3表2参19     

蓝藻发酵生产微生物农药的影响因素研究

采用摇瓶发酵试验探讨了蓝藻为原料制备苏云金杆菌生物杀虫剂的可行性,并考察了不同培养条件（蓝藻含固率、种龄、接种量、初始pH、摇床转速、发酵温度）对苏云金杆菌生长增殖、产孢与产毒效果的影响。研究结果表明,无需任何预处理工序,Btk 130菌株能在蓝藻为唯一原料的培养基中正常生长发育,并且产孢产毒。发酵48 h后,芽孢产率达到86.7%,远高于常规培养基;生物毒效为282 IU.mL-1,与常规培养基相当。培养条件优化结果表明,在蓝藻含固率为2%、初始pH为7.0、接种物种龄为9 h、接种量为2%、培养温度为30℃、摇瓶转速为200 r.min-1的条件下培养48 h,Btk 130可达到较好的发酵效果,活菌数及抗热芽孢数可达7.32 CFU.mL-1和6.38 CFU.mL-1,生物毒效为528 IU.mL-1。该研究不仅为蓝藻提供了高附加值的处置新途径,而且可显著降低生物杀虫剂的生产成本,具有广阔的应用前景。