过去两千年长江干流历史洪水事件的时空变化研究

理解极端洪水事件活动特征及其与气候变化、人类活动的相互关系一直是全球变化研究的热点问题。现代器测数据较短对洪水事件变化规律预测存在不足,而利用历史文献记录研究百年-千年尺度洪水事件的发生规律则成为一个较好的选择。洪水灾害是长江流域最为严重的自然灾害之一。本文以官方现存历史记载为依据,构建了过去2000年长江干流上、中、下游洪水事件序列,并将其与气候和人类活动代理指标进行对比。结果表明,1350年之前,长江干流洪水事件受东亚季风(EASM)、西南季风(ISM)、厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、热带辐合带(ITCZ)移动等多种气候因素驱动,且气候驱动机制在同期不同区、同区不同期存在显著差异。此外,1350年之后人类活动的增强可能明显加剧了长江干流洪水事件的频率和强度。     

A pyrazine based metal-organic framework for selective removal of copper from strongly acidic solutions

● pz-UiO-66 was synthesized facilely by a solvothermal method. ● Efficient capture of copper from highly acidic solution was achieved by pz-UiO-66. ● pz-UiO-66 exhibited excellent selectivity and capacity for copper capture. ● Pyrazine-N in pz-UiO-66 was shown to be the dominant adsorption site. The selective capture of copper from strongly acidic solutions is of vital importance from the perspective of sustainable development and environmental protection. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted the interest of many scholars for adsorption due to their fascinating physicochemical characteristics, including adjustable structure, strong stability and porosity. Herein, pz-UiO-66 containing a pyrazine structure is successfully synthesized for the efficient separation of copper from strongly acidic conditions. Selective copper removal at low pH values is accomplished by using this material that is not available in previously reported metal–organic frameworks. Furthermore, the material exhibits excellent adsorption capacity, with a theoretical maximum copper uptake of 247 mg/g. As proven by XPS and FT-IR analysis, the coordination of pyrazine nitrogen atoms with copper ions is the dominant adsorption mechanism of copper by pz-UiO-66. This work provides an opportunity for efficient and selective copper removal under strongly acidic conditions, and promises extensive application prospects for the removal of copper in the treatment for acid metallurgical wastewater.     

VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets based on response surface model: A case study in the Pearl River Delta Region, China

Because of the recent growth in ground-level ozone and increased emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), VOC emission control has become a major concern in China. In response, emission caps to control VOC have been stipulated in recent policies, but few of them were constrained by the co-control target of PM_2.5 and ozone, and discussed the factor that influence the emission cap formulation. Herein, we proposed a framework for quantification of VOC emission caps constrained by targets for PM_2.5 and ozone via a new response surface modeling (RSM) technique, achieving 50% computational cost savings of the quantification. In the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, the VOC emission caps constrained by air quality targets varied greatly with the NO_x emission reduction level. If control measures in the surrounding areas of the PRD region were not considered, there could be two feasible strategies for VOC emission caps to meet air quality targets (160 µg/m³ for the maximum 8-hr-average 90th-percentile (MDA8-90%) ozone and 25 µg/m³ for the annual average of PM_2.5): a moderate VOC emission cap with <20% NOx emission reductions or a notable VOC emission cap with >60% NO_x emission reductions. If the ozone concentration target were reduced to 155 µg/m³, deep NO_x emission reductions is the only feasible ozone control measure in PRD. Optimization of seasonal VOC emission caps based on the Monte Carlo simulation could allow us to gain higher ozone benefits or greater VOC emission reductions. If VOC emissions were further reduced in autumn, MDA8-90% ozone could be lowered by 0.3-1.5 µg/m³, equaling the ozone benefits of 10% VOC emission reduction measures. The method for VOC emission cap quantification and optimization proposed in this study could provide scientific guidance for coordinated control of regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in China.     

A2O工艺污水处理厂微生物气溶胶逸散特征及暴露风险评价

监测了北京市某A²O工艺污水处理厂不同工艺段逸散出的微生物气溶胶的浓度和粒径分布情况,统计了各工艺段所有采集样本污染程度和可吸入颗粒占比,分析了影响各工艺段微生物气溶胶浓度和可吸入颗粒数变化的因素.同时,计算了各工艺段暴露风险值,判断微生物气溶胶对不同人群的危害性.结果表明,各工艺段微生物气溶胶均有不同程度的释放,浓度变化范围在107~37139 CFU·m^-3之间,其中,生物池释放浓度最低,为107~624 CFU·m^-3,一直处于清洁等级;板框脱水间释放浓度最高,为3329~37139 CFU·m^-3,粉尘颗粒较多是造成板框脱水间微生物气溶胶浓度极高的重要原因.各工艺段可吸入颗粒（<4.7 μm）占比为42.30%~93.36%,其中,污泥处理单元吸入风险较高,可吸入颗粒占比为83.52%~93.36%.板框脱水间细菌气溶胶对人体存在非致癌风险（HQ>1）,需引起重视.     

重点生态功能区环境污染源排放特征与空间管控模式——以藏东南为例

重点生态功能区以保持并提高生态产品供给能力为主体功能定位，区内自然环境敏感性和脆弱性突出，研究其人类活动过程中的环境污染源排放特征与空间管控模式，对科学协调保护与利用、切实加强重点生态功能区环境保护和治理水平具有重要意义.以青藏高原重要生态安全屏障区藏东南为例，基于环境污染源的固体废弃物、水体污染物和大气污染物排放强度的分类估算与空间特征解析，探讨面向污染源排放强度和多尺度管控精度的分级空间管控方案.研究结果表明：藏东南环境污染源的排放强度整体较低，雅鲁藏布江和雅尼河谷地因人类生产生活活动密度较大，其污染物排放量显著高于其他区域；在重点生态功能区应建立由7个二级类和21个三级类构成的环境污染源空间管控体系，重点管控以城镇居住区和工矿业生产空间为主的"点状"胁迫、以交通运输场所和人文游憩空间为主的"线状"胁迫、以农业种植区和畜禽养殖区为主的"面状"胁迫；针对藏东南各类环境污染源的空间耦合及交互特征，提出城乡生活集聚型、农牧业生产集聚型和休闲旅游集聚型3种典型区，依次制定"分级处理+资源利用"、"源头减排+就地消纳"、"实时动态监控+绿色设施营造+游憩利用规范"的差异化空间管控模式.     

循环磨料射流综合理论分析

循环磨料射流是磨料射流的一种重要形式。循环磨料浆液被高压水加速后直接输入喷嘴，构成具有强大打击力的磨料射流；特别适用于锻件、轧制件的除鳞除锈，铸件清砂等表面处理。要保证循环磨料射流在工业中应用，必须首先解决两个关键问题，即循环磨料射流浆体在管路中的正常流动、磨料的悬浮与沉降规律以及过碎的微小磨粒的剔除，以满足高效、连续的作业。本文论述了循环磨料射流的工作原理和主要工作参数的确定方法。     

生物滴滤器处理间二氯苯废气的性能分析

从土壤中筛选1株能够降解间二氯苯能力的菌株,鉴定为土壤短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus agri),该优势菌最佳生长条件为:降解时间48 h,菌液接种量10%,pH=7,温度25℃。以间二氯苯为模拟有机废气,采用生物滴滤器接种土壤短芽孢杆菌的方法对其进行生物处理。结果表明,在空床停留时间为90 s、进气浓度为1 000 mg·m~(-3)、进气负荷为60 g·(m~3·h)~(-1)条件下,间二氯苯的去除率可以维持在85%以上。生物滴滤器稳定运行后,菌体表面官能团发生改变,通过傅里叶红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱分析发现,菌株通过逐步加氧羧化后开环降解间二氯苯;对菌株再进行16S rRNA基因序列的同源性分析发现,生物膜中Brevibacillus agri占比达69.39%,并可以良好生长。研究可为间二氯苯的工业化处理提供参考。     

Characteristics of surface ozone at an urban site of Xi'an in Northwest China

Surface ozone concentrations in Xi'an, China were monitored from March 23, 2008 to January 12, 2009 using the Model ML/EC9810 ozone analyzer. The daily average O(3) ranged from <1 ppb to 64.2 ppbv with an annual average of 16.0 ppbv. The seasonal average of O(3) in summer (32.5 ppbv) was more than 10 times higher than that in winter (3.0 ppbv). A significant positive correlation was found between ozone concentration and ambient temperature, indicating that the intensity of solar radiation was one of the several major factors controlling surface ozone production. Using the NOAA HYSPLIT 4 trajectory model, the three longest O(3) pollution episodes were found to be associated with the high biogenic volatile organic carbon (BVOC) emissions from the vegetation of Qinling Mountains. No significant weekday and weekend difference in O(3) levels was detected due to the non-significant change in NO(x) emissions. O(3) depletion by NO emission directly emitted from vehicles, low oxygenated VOC concentrations, and low-level solar radiation caused by high aerosol loading all contributed to the low levels of O(3) found in Xi'an compared to other cities and rural areas.