煤矿人为事故发生可能性预测数学模型研究

研究发现，煤矿工人的冒险行为主要可以由生产条件、个人表现、工作状况及用工方式等影响因素预测，煤矿人为事故的发生可能性主要由煤矿工人的冒险行为表现预测。据此，便可建立预测煤矿人为事故发生可能性的数学模型     

在用车I／M制度的脆性及脆性源研究

I／M制度作为一个系统存在着脆性源,如果该制度在运行过程中控制不好脆性源,则其有效实施将受到影响。利用系统脆性理论对该制度进行分析研究找出L／M制度系统的脆性源以及解决措施是其分析研究的目的。在系统子因子中从业人员素质、仪器设备是最大的脆性源,但是其均被维修企业和检测企业所包含。综合分析研究结果显示,由于其在维修企业的脆性度比在检测企业的脆性度大,所以维修企业是该制度最重要的脆性源。用系统脆性理论分析方法分析I／M制度的脆性是一种科学、有效和实用的方法,具有较好的应用前景,为保障更好的运行I／M制度以有效的控制在用车的排放提供了理论依据。     

关于职工情境意识的研究综述

对情境意识的定义、活动机制、测量方法及强化方法等进行了述评。分析了关于情境意识研究的问题及趋势。     

单一斜率变点分析格氏栲幼苗的竞争范围

依据改进Hegyi单木竞争模型计算林窗和林下不同龄级格氏栲幼苗的竞争强度,采用指数平滑模型对幼苗竞争强度数据进行优化,对优化后数据应用单一斜率变点法确定格氏栲幼苗最佳竞争范围.结果表明:1)在格氏栲天然林中,林窗和林下格氏栲幼苗平均竞争强度随着竞争距离增大而逐步降低,初期下降较快,下降到一定程度后明显变缓,存在变化幅度的转折点,即为幼苗的竞争范围.2)林窗和林下格氏栲幼苗竞争强度的三次指数平滑值在最佳平滑系数α为0.8和0.7时其均方误差值分别为0.401 5和0.385 1,单一斜率变点分析得出林窗和林下格氏栲幼苗最佳竞争范围分别是距对象木1.70 m和1.90 m.研究结果可为格氏栲幼苗竞争格局研究中确定幼苗竞争范围提供科学理论依据.     

Characteristics and management modes of domestic waste in rural areas of developing countries: a case study of China

A huge accumulation of domestic waste has caused serious environmental contamination in rural areas of developing countries (RADIC). The characteristics and management of domestic waste are carefully discussed, based on field surveys and a literature review. The results indicate that the generation in most of RADIC is less than the median of 0.521 kg day⁻¹ per capita in China, and much smaller than in rural areas of developed countries (RADEC). Organic waste and inert waste with an accumulative mass percentage of 72.31% are dominant components of domestic waste in the rural areas of China. There are trends of increasing amounts of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, and plastic/rubber and a decreasing trend of ash waste. The RADIC composition of domestic waste had a high content of organic waste and a low content of recyclable waste compared to the RADEC. Domestic waste has good compressibility and a light bulk density ranging from 40 to 650 kg m⁻³. The moisture, ash, combustible, and calorific values of domestic waste were 53.31%, 18.03%, 28.67%, and 5368 kJ kg⁻¹, respectively. The domestic waste has an abundance of nutrients including organic matter (39.05%), nitrogen (1.02%), phosphorus (0.50%), and potassium (1.42%). In RADIC, domestic waste can be used as an agricultural manure only after it has been collected and sorted for the potential risk of heavy metal accumulation. Based on these characteristics of domestic waste and the different situations of rural areas, four waste management modes including centralized treatment, decentralized treatment, group treatment, and mobile treatment are designed and discussed.

     

铜锈环棱螺室内实验条件优化

铜锈环棱螺作为一种新兴的潜在生态毒理学模式生物,适宜实验条件是开展其室内毒理学研究的基础。在人为控制条件下,初步探讨了饵料、水深、底质、密度和钙离子浓度养殖条件对铜锈环棱螺成体生长的影响,并进一步对麻醉条件进行了筛选(Mg Cl2·2H2O、乙醇、丁香酚、盐酸普鲁卡因和MS-222)。结果表明:当投喂冰鲜小球藻、密度6个·L-1水体积、水深10~15cm、泥土底质并且水中钙离子浓度30 mg·L-1时,铜锈环棱螺的体重增长最为明显。麻醉效果表明,Mg Cl2·2H2O对成螺的麻醉时间短并且伤害小,可作为实验用麻醉剂首选。以上研究结果为发展以铜锈环棱螺为模式生物开展环境(生态)毒理学研究奠定了基础。     

Identification of arsenic spatial distribution by hydrogeochemical processes represented by different ion ratios in the Hohhot Basin,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The Hohhot Basin, a typical inland basin of the Yellow River Basin in China, has high concentrations of arsenic (As) in its shallow groundwater, while...     

太湖北部表层沉积物重金属污染及其生物毒性研究

在分析太湖北部梅梁湾、竺山湾和贡湖表层沉积物和野生铜锈环棱螺体内重金属残留水平基础上,利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了区域重金属污染的潜在生态风险,并利用综合污染指数法评价了野生铜锈环棱螺受重金属污染的状况。研究结果表明,3个区域表层沉积物孔隙水的生物综合毒性处于低毒到中毒水平,而表层沉积物重金属污染均处于较低的生态风险,但3个区域的野生铜锈环棱螺体内重金属的综合污染指数处于中度到重度的污染水平。由此可以得出太湖北部沉积物重金属污染对底栖生物仍具有一定的潜在生态风险。     

安全心理学研究的最近状况及趋势

从科学技术对安全心理学的影响、事故致因与人为失误及事故预防技术等三个方面介绍了安全心理学的最近研究状况及趋势。着重分析了工程控制技术、行为控制技术、风险管理技术、宏观安全管理技术及系统措施等事故预防技术。