苯的衍生物在活性炭/水界面上的吸附标准自由能及与其分子结构的关系

测定了25℃时活性炭自水中吸附苯、苯酚、苯胺、对－氯苯酚、苯甲酸、对－羟基苯甲酸、对－氯苯胺、硝基苯、对－氨基苯甲酸、对－硝式苯酚、对－硝基苯胺、对硝基苯甲酸的等温线，它们的等温线均为Langmuir型的，利用Langmuir参数计算了吸吸标准自由能变化△G^0，计算结果表明，△G^0具有加和性，即化合物的△G^0是组成该化合物各基团贡献之总和，化合物的分子量及分子连接性指数与△G^0有近似的线性关系。     

中国典型城市环境空气质量变化趋势分析研究

文章选取北京市、兰州市、乌鲁木齐市、青岛市、武汉市、深圳市这六个典型城市为研究对象,利用2003年-2013年六个城市的SO2、NO2和PM10浓度数据,计算出区域空气综合污染指数和污染负荷指数,并采用Daniel趋势检验法分析主要污染物的变化趋势.结果表明,六个典型城市环境空气质量状况从优至差排列依次为深圳、青岛、武汉、北京、兰州、乌鲁木齐;六个典型城市空气首要污染物为PM10,SO2的污染负荷呈下降趋势,NO2的污染负荷呈上升趋势;各城市的空气质量整体呈现好转趋势,表明大气治理初见成效.     

沉水植物龙须眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)对镉、铅的吸附特性

采用龙须眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)干样为实验材料,研究了龙须眼子菜对溶液中镉、铅吸附的基本特征。相同浓度不同时间条件下的吸附实验结果显示,龙须眼子菜对溶液中镉、铅离子的吸附速度很快,大约20min就能达到平衡,吸附的限速过程是小孔扩散过程,随着时间的延长,吸附的动力学特征可用假二次方程描述。相同时间不同浓度条件下的吸附实验结果显示,龙须眼子菜对镉、铅的最大吸附量分别能达到32368和24776mg·kg-1,吸附的浓度动力学特征符合Langmuir曲线方程。所有结果都表明,龙须眼子菜能有效地从溶液中去除镉和铅,可以用于水体镉、铅污染的植物修复,也可把龙须眼子菜干样作为一种新的吸附剂用于去除工业废水中的镉和铅。     

Leaching and uptake of heavy metals by ten different species of plants during an EDTA-assisted phytoextraction process

In a pot experiment, the potential use of 10 plant species, including six dicotyledon species and four monocotyledon species, was investigated for the EDTA-enhanced phytoextraction of Pb from contaminated soil. Mung bean and buckwheat had a higher sensitivity to the EDTA treatment in soils. In the 2.5 and 5.0 mmol kg(-1) EDTA treatments, the Pb concentrations in the shoots of the six dicotyledon species ranged from 1,000 to 3,000 mg kg(-1) of dry matter, which were higher than those of the monocotyledon species. The highest amount of phytoextracted Pb (2.9 mg Pb pot(-1)) was achieved in sunflowers, due to the high concentration of Pb in their shoots and large biomass, followed by corns (1.8 mg Pb pot(-1)) and peas (1.1 mg Pb pot(-1)). The leaching behavior of heavy metals as a result of applying EDTA to the surface of the soil was also investigated using short soil-leaching columns (9.0-cm diameter, 20-cm height) by the percolation of artificial rainfall. About 3.5%, 15.8%, 13.7% and 20.6% of soil Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively, were leached from the soil columns after the application of 5.0 mmol kg(-1) of EDTA. The growth of sunflowers in the soil columns had little effect on the amount of metals that were leached out. This was probably due to the shallowness of the layer of soil, the short time-span of the uptake of metals by the plant and the plant's simple root systems.     

Extraction of heavy metals from e-waste contaminated soils using EDDS

Environmental contamination due to uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities is drawing increasing attention in the world. Extraction of these metals with biodegradable chelant [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and the factors influencing extraction efficacy were investigated in the present study. Results showed that the addition of EDDS at low pH (5.5) produced higher metal extraction than that at high pH (8.0) solution. Metal speciation analysis indicated that Cu was completely complexed with EDDS at different pH conditions with various amounts of EDDS applied. For Pb and Zn, at low EDDS dose of 0.304 mol/kg soil, they were present as Pb- and Zn-EDDS. However, at high EDDS dose of 1.26 mol/kg soil, most of Pb was bound with dissolved organic matter. Ca and Al were found to be strong competitors for trace metals to EDDS at low application dose and low pH condition.     

叶面施硅对水稻籽实重金属积累的抑制效应

采用盆栽方法,以硅酸钠和正硅酸乙酯为硅源分别配制纳米硅制剂,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)品种"优优128"为供试植物,在Cd(5mg·kg-1、10mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1三个水平)、Pb(200mg·kg-1)、Cu(250mg·kg-1)、Zn(300mg·kg-1)复合污染土壤进行种植,在水稻生长期内(苗期、分蘖期、抽穗期)进行叶面喷施纳米硅,研究纳米硅对水稻籽实生长状况及吸收重金属元素的影响,并对两种不同硅源的纳米硅的使用效果进行了比较。结果表明,随Cd污染质量分数增加,水稻百粒质量及单株穗质量均显著降低(P<0.01);Cd、Pb、Zn在籽实中质量分数均增高,而Cu在籽实中质量分数降低。金属元素在籽实中的吸收系数顺序为Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb,表明Cd极易向籽实中迁移。随土壤Cd质量分数增加,水稻籽实中各金属元素的积累量都有所降低。重金属复合污染条件下,叶面施用两种硅制剂均可以缓解水稻的毒害效应,且和施无机硅相比,施有机硅对水稻重金属毒害的缓解效果更显著。表现为叶面施用硅后,水稻百粒质量及单株穗质量均显著提高(P<0.05);且籽实中Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的吸收量在喷施硅制剂后均显著降低(P<0.05);籽实中重金属元素的吸收系数和积累量均表现出降低的趋势。尤其是随着Cd处理质量分数的增高,施硅对重金属在籽实中积累的抑制效应越显著。这表明叶面施硅在重金属污染的水稻田污染防治中具有应用价值。文章所用的纳米硅制剂,制备简单,对于大面积推广硅肥极为有利。     

Enhanced phytoextraction of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd with EDTA and EDDS

Chemically enhanced phytoextraction has been proposed as an effective approach to removing heavy metals from contaminated soil through the use of high biomass plants. Using pot experiments, the effects of the application of EDTA, EDDS and citric acid on the uptake of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd by corn (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda 108) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. white bean) plants were studied. The results showed that EDDS was more effective than EDTA at increasing the concentration of Cu in corn and beans. The application of 5 mmol kg-1 soil EDDS to soil significantly increased concentrations of Cu in shoots, with maximum levels of 2060 and 5130 mg kg-1 DW in corn and beans, respectively, which were 45- and 135-fold higher than that in the corresponding control plants to which chelate had not been applied. Concentrations of Zn in shoots were also higher in the plants treated with EDDS than in those treated with EDTA. For Pb and Cd, EDDS was less effective than EDTA. The maximum Cu phytoextraction was found with the EDDS treatment. The application of EDTA and EDDS also significantly increased the shoot-to-root ratios of the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd in both plant species. The results of metal extraction with chelates showed that EDDS was more efficient at solubilizing Cu and Zn than EDTA, and that EDTA was better at solubilizing Pb and Cd than EDDS.     

不同放牧强度下星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)种群小尺度空间格局

利用R ip ley’s K函数以及蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)随机模拟方法,定量分析了4种放牧强度———无牧、轻牧(1.33只羊/hm2)、中牧(4.00只羊/hm2)、重牧(6.67只羊/hm2)下星毛委陵菜(Potentilla acaulis)种群的小尺度空间格局及其随尺度的变化规律;研究了放牧对星毛委陵菜种群空间格局的影响;并以放牧条件下星毛委陵菜的生活史特征、生态适应对策以及群落内植物种间的相互作用为基础,探讨产生和维持这些格局的机理.研究表明:(1)放牧对星毛委陵菜种群空间格局有显著影响,同一放牧强度下星毛委陵菜种群在不同尺度上的空间格局存在显著差异.(2)无牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~96 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在96~100 cm尺度为随机分布;轻牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~92 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在92~100 cm尺度为随机分布;中牧条件下,星毛委陵菜种群在0~72cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在72~100 cm尺度为随机分布;重牧条件下,星毛委陵菜在20~22 cm尺度上表现为集聚分布,在15~17 cm、23~28 cm和46~50 cm尺度为均匀分布,在0~15 cm、17~20 cm、22~23 cm、28~46 cm和50~100 cm上为随机分布.(3)同一放牧强度下,随着尺度的增大,星毛委陵菜种群由集聚分布趋向于随机分布;且转变为随机分布时的尺度随着放牧强度的增大而逐渐缩小.这与星毛委陵菜生物学特性和种群对放牧压力的生态适应对策密切相关.(4)在0~100 cm尺度上,星毛委陵菜种群的集聚强度随着放牧强度的增大而逐渐减小,即:无牧>轻牧>中牧>重牧.(5)放牧活动改变了决定群落结构的有关过程的相对重要性.这些研究结果将为在放牧活动干扰下草原群落的演替提供理论依据.图2参24     

战略环评为科学决策服务

概述了战略环评的内容、实施程序,对比我国传统的项目环境影响评价的局限性及历史教训,指出开展战略环评的必要性,建立相应的配套政策,以便更好地为各项重大决策服务,促进促进经济与社会的可持续发展.     

4种重要因素对柴油机颗粒物排放因子的量化影响研究

在发动机台架测试基础上,按照发动机排放阶段、油品种类、后处理装置和运行工况4种因素的不同,进行了24组测试,研究了颗粒物排放因子.同时,应用单因素敏感性分析,探究了发动机排放阶段和油品种类对颗粒物排放因子的影响;并运用多元线性回归分析,探讨了4种因素对颗粒物排放因子的影响力大小排序.结果显示:24组柴油机测试的颗粒物排放因子均值为(21.9±24.5) mg·kWh~(-1);使用国Ⅴ排放标准柴油机的颗粒物排放因子((14.7±5.6) mg·kWh~(-1))比国Ⅳ排放标准柴油机((19.4±16.4) mg·kWh~(-1))有所下降;国Ⅳ柴油、国Ⅴ柴油和混合柴油的颗粒物排放因子平均值分别为120.0、(11.8±1.0)和(11.5±1.3) mg·kWh~(-1),混合柴油颗粒物排放因子与国Ⅴ柴油相近,两者相比国Ⅳ柴油有明显下降;油品种类是影响颗粒物排放因子的第一大因素,后处理是影响颗粒物排放因子的第二大因素.