长江,嘉陵江重庆城区段二维水质对流扩散数学模型

对二水质对流扩散数学模型的有限差分解作了较详细的叙述，同时对距离步长，时间步长计算，网络内水深，流速，横向扩散系数的求取也作了简要介绍。     

南昌地震台地下水位变化异常的分析判别

本篇文章主要通过对南昌台地下水位资料变化的处理分析，利用求地下水水位变化的加速度来判别和分析地震异常，并初步进行试验预报和探索研究。     

汉江流域水污染现状及污染源调查

评价了汉江流域水质污染现状：汉江流域干流水质好于支流,从上游至下游污染状况逐渐上升,主要污染物为COD、TP、NH3-N,污染特征为有机污染型。对汉江流域污染源进行了调查：汉江流域面源污染大于点源,排放负荷较大的是农业地表径流、城镇生活污水、畜禽养殖。     

埕岛油田浅海石油钻井平台拖航移位隐患分析

胜利作业三号平台是中石化胜利油田分公司钻井工艺研究院和上海交通大学联合设计,青岛北海船厂建造,隶属井下作业公司使用的第一座齿轮齿条升降的自升式浅海钻井平台,该平台钢质非自航,由平台主体、桩腿和桩靴、升降系统3部分组成.平台主体平面形状接近三角形,3根圆柱形桩腿布置在艏、艉,桩靴为正方形.平台主要任务是对水深5～25 m范围内的油井进行修井作业,适用于4 500 m深度井筒.文章对浅海钻井平台拖航中存在的风险进行了分析,提出了应对措施.     

2008年南方低温冰雪灾害对农业的影响及对策

结合参加农业部组织的分省灾害评估调查活动,分析了2008年南方低温冰雪灾害的成因,指出是一系列天文、地球物理和大气环流异常因素构成的复杂灾害链所诱发。论述了低温冰雪灾害对南方农业生产的影响,总结了抗灾和补救的对策与措施。反思灾害中的经验教训,提出应健全预警机制和建立救灾物资储备,加强减灾和应急救援的技术储备,积极探索适合国情的农业灾害保险制度,通过提高公众素质和健全法制实现调动全社会的力量减灾。     

Use of historical and contemporary distribution of mammals in China to inform conservation

A systematic understanding of dynamic animal extinction trajectories for different regions in a nation like China is critically important to developing practical conservation strategies. We explored historical and contemporary changes in terrestrial mammalian diversity to determine how diversity in each of the 5 regions in China has changed over time and to examine the conservation potential of these regions. We used records from databases on Pleistocene mammalian fossils and historical distribution records (1175–2020) for Primates (as a case study) to reconstruct evolutionary and historical distribution trajectories of the 11 orders of terrestrial mammals and to predict their prospective survival based on the national conservation strategy applied. The results indicated that since the Pleistocene, 4–5 mammalian orders have been lost in the northeast, 3 in central China, 2 along the coast, and 1 in the northwest. In the southwest, all 11 orders were maintained. Contemporarily, the coast and southwest had the highest and second-highest species densities. The southwest region and southeastern sections of the northwest region were the most historically and contemporarily diverse areas, which suggests that they should be the first priority for protected area (PA) designation. The central and coastal areas should be secondarily prioritized. In these 2 regions, conservation should focus on human coexistence with nature. Less attention should be paid to the PA in the northeast and western northwest because in these areas ecosystems are depauperate and the climate is harsh. Conservation in these areas should focus principally on avoiding further human encroachment on natural areas. Article impact statement: Historical and contemporary patterns of extinction can be a basis for mammalian conservation strategies.     

Profile of Methane Concentrations in Soil and Atmosphere in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau

The methane concentration profile from -1.5m depth in soil to 32m height in air was measured in alpine steppe located in the permafrost area. Methane concentrations showed widely variations both in air and in soil during the study period. The mean concentrations in atmosphere were all higher than those in soil, and the highest methane concentration was found in air at the height of 16m with the lowest concentration occurring at the depth of 1.5m in soil. The variations of atmospheric methane concentrations did not show any clear pattern both temporally and spatially, although they exhibited a more steadystable state than those in soil. During the seasonal variations, the methane concentrations at different depths in soil were significantly correlated （R^2〉0.6） with each other comparing to the weak correlations （R^2〈0.2） between the atmospheric concentra- tions at different heights. Mean methane concentrations in soil significantly decreased with depth. This was the compositive influence of the decreasing production rates and the increasing methane oxidation rates, which was caused by the descent soil moisture with depth. Although the methane concentrations at all depths varied widely during the growing season, they showed very distinct temporal variations in the non-growing season. It was indicated from the literatures that methane oxidation rates were positively correlated with soil temperature. The higher methane concentrations in soil during the winter were determined by the lower methane oxidation rates with decreasing soil temperatures, whereas methane production rates had no reaction to the lower temperature. Relations between methane contribution and other environmental factors were not discussed in this paper for lacking of data, which impulse us to carry out further and more detailed studies in this unique area.     

绿狐尾藻分解及其氮磷释放特征

湿地植物分解释放的有机物、氮和磷等会影响人工湿地对水体污染物的去除效率和出水水质.本研究采用尼龙分解袋法研究绿狐尾藻在水中的分解过程及氮磷释放特征.连续60 d的室内分解实验结果表明,前期(0～4 d)绿狐尾藻干物质质量损失速率快,占初始质量的30%,中后期(4～60 d)损失速率减慢,占31%.拟合的一级动力学分解速率常数为0. 014 2d-1,降解50%的干物质需48. 8 d.水体p H值变化情况:0～4 d从7. 60迅速下降到5. 63;中期趋于稳定;后期p H值回升到7. 03,与空白对照值接近.绿狐尾藻分解实验系统中溶解氧浓度从6. 30 mg·L~(-1)在1 d内快速下降到0. 61 mg·L~(-1),表明该系统一直处于厌氧状态.水中总氮浓度0～2 h迅速增加达到12. 7 mg·L~(-1),2 h～32 d逐渐降低到5. 80 mg·L~(-1),后期略有增加;总磷浓度初期快速升高到18. 4 mg·L~(-1),中后期趋于稳定.有机氮(占总氮65. 7%～94. 7%)和无机磷(占总磷61%～89%)是主要的氮磷存在形态.绿狐尾藻体内总氮含量随分解时间逐渐增加,从24. 3 mg·g~(-1)上升到60. 5 mg·g~(-1);而总磷含量从6. 09 mg·g~(-1)下降到2. 94 mg·g~(-1)后波动稳定,这可能与附着微生物对氮的吸收和固定等因素有关.本研究证实绿狐尾藻分解过程释放的氮磷营养元素会引起水体二次污染,为此采用合理的植物收割管理措施非常必要.     

新乡市冬、春季节PM2.5中水溶性离子及重金属的污染特征与源解析

于2015年12月—2016年1月(冬季,采暖季)和2016年3—4月(春季,非采暖季)在河南新乡采集了125个膜样本,用重量法分析了PM_(2.5)的质量浓度,电感耦合等离子体-质谱分析仪(ICP-MS)分析了20种常见的金属元素,离子色谱(IC)分析了颗粒物中NH_4~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)7种水溶性离子,同时结合气象因子与主因子分析法(PCA)对PM_(2.5)进行追因溯源.结果表明:新乡市采暖季和非采暖季PM_(2.5)浓度均值分别为250.17和148.67μg·m~(-3),污染严重;主要金属元素均为Al、Ca、Zn、Fe、Pb,5种元素总共分别占20种金属元素总量的68%和51%;NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-占比均超过水溶性盐离子总量的90%.气象条件与地形条件分别对采暖季和非采暖季的PM_(2.5)局地污染有重要影响;PCA结果发现,新乡市采暖季的PM_(2.5)有3个主要来源,分别为燃煤源(31.86%)、农业源/机动车尾气源(19.34%)和土壤/地面扬尘(22.69%);而非采暖季的3个主要来源分别为机动车尾气源/地壳源(41.67%)、煤炭燃烧源/工业排放源(32.20%)及地面扬尘(12.18%).可见煤炭燃烧、机动车尾气排放对新乡市冬、春季大气污染的贡献较大.     

MoS2/BiOI复合光催化剂制备及其光催化氧化还原性能

通过两步法合成花状MoS_2/BiOI复合光催化剂,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外可见漫反射(UVVis)、光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对合成的样品进行了表征,对其可能的形成机制进行探究,通过电化学表征计算出BiOI与MoS_2的价带与导带位置,显示复合材料形成了1型异质结.同时以罗丹明B(RhB)与含Cr6+溶液作为目标污染物测试光催化剂的氧化还原性能,相比于BiOI和MoS_2单体,MoS_2/BiOI复合光催化剂表现出更强的光催化氧化与还原能力,其中以质量分数为2%的MoS_2与BiOI复合光催化剂效果最佳,可见光照20 min后RhB降解率达到98.92%,80 min后Cr6+溶液光催化还原率可达到97.87%,较纯BiOI分别提高了1.79倍与3.85倍,且经过4次重复利用后仍具有较高的光催化活性.光催化降解Rh B过程中空穴(h+)与超氧自由基(·O-2)作为主要活性物种,其中空穴影响更为显著.