Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities

The addition of simple substrates could affect the microbial respiration in soils. This substrate-induced respiration is widely used to estimate the soil microbial biomass, but little attention has been paid to its influence on the changes of community-level physiological profiles. In this study, the process of microbial communities responding to the added substrate using sole-carbon-source utilization （BIOLOG） was investigated. BIOLOG is biased toward fast-growing bacteria; this advantage was taken to detect the prompt response of the active microbial communities to the added substrate. Four soil samples from agricultural fields adjacent to heavy metal mines were amended with L-arginine, citric acid, or D-glucose. Substrate amendments could, generally, not only increase the metabolic activity of the microbial communities, but also change the metabolic diverse patterns compared with no-substrate control. By tracking the process, it was found that the variance between substrate-induced treatment and control fluctuated greatly during the incubation course, and the influences of these three substrates were different. In addition, the application of these induced changes to discriminate soil microbial communities was tested. The distance among all samples was greatly increased, which further showed the functional variance among microbial communities in soils. This can be very useful in the discrimination of microbial communities even with high similarity.     

高炉熔渣四辊离心法制取矿渣棉

以调质高炉渣为原料在实验室进行了四辊离心法制备矿渣棉实验.研究高炉渣滴落温度、粘度、离心辊径及转速等工艺参数对矿渣棉成纤效果的影响规律.结果表明,高炉渣滴落温度应控制在1 290~1 420℃之间,高炉渣粘度在1~3 Pa.s;四辊直径分别为1# 213 mm、2# 295 mm、3# 295 mm和4# 295 mm时,转速控制在1# 2 707~3 000 r/min、2# 3 093~4 000 r/min、3# 4 350~4 500 r/min和4# 5 000~5 800 r/min,成纤率较高,成纤效果良好.     

基于Zigbee技术的无线辐射监测系统的建立

基于Zigbee技术的无线辐射监测系统可对众多辐射监测仪的监测数据进行实时采集和统计分析,无需布线,组网灵活。该辐射监测系统包括多台辐射监测仪及上位机监测平台。辐射监测仪负责测量辐射信息,并将辐射测量结果通过Zigbee模块发送出来。辐射监测平台负责接收辐射测量结果,并将数据在监测平台上进行显示和存储。对辐射监测仪和辐射监测系统进行测试,测试结果表明:辐射监测仪可对在环境本底的基础上增加0.1 μSv/h的γ辐射给出可靠报警;辐射监测系统可自动进行无线网络连接,整体运行稳定,数据采集准确,可实现对各个辐射监测仪监测数据的实时采集和存储。     

数据挖掘平台在珊瑚礁生态系统保护中的初步构建研究

近年来,由于疾病、污染、海洋温度上升以及人类的过度利用,珊瑚礁正面临着致命的毁灭.为了保护珊瑚礁生态系统,迫切需要收集和分析数据,找出影响珊瑚礁生存的主要因素.数据挖掘技术可用于复杂系统的行为建模和预测,将数据挖掘算法与珊瑚礁生态系统数据相结合,构建生态数据挖掘平台,为预测珊瑚礁的生长趋势提供决策支持.针对海洋数据多源性、多态性和多样性的特点,提出改进的数据挖掘平台,并详细论述了数据源层、ETL工具层和数据仓库的结构和功能.     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

Investigating the bacterial community and amoebae population in rural domestic wastewater reclamation for irrigation

Reclamation of domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation is viewed as a sustainable option to create an alternative water source and address water scarcity. Free-living amoebae(FLA), which are amphizoic protozoa, are widely distributed in various environmental sources. The FLA could cause considerable environmental and health risks. However, little information is available on the risk of these protozoa. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility using rural domestic wastewater for agricultural irrigation, and analyzed dynamic changes of the microbial community structure and FLA populations in raw and treated wastewater, as well as the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of lettuce production sites that were irrigated with different water sources. The bacterial community dynamics were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP). The bacterial community structures in the influent were similar to that in the effluent, while in some cases relative abundances varied significantly. The populations of Acanthamoeba spp. and Hartmannella vermiformis in the anaerobically treated wastewater were significantly higher than in the raw wastewater. The vegetables could harbor diverse amoebae, and the abundances of Acanthamoeba spp. and H. vermiformis in the rhizosphere were significantly higher than in the phyllosphere. Accordingly, our studies show insight into the distribution and dissemination of amoebae in wastewater treatment and irrigation practices.     

改性龙须眼子菜吸附水溶液中Cu2+的性能

采用批式实验法对改性龙须眼子菜吸附溶液中Cu2+的吸附动力学过程及吸附平衡进行了研究,考察了溶液初始pH值、吸附剂用量、温度等对改性龙须眼子莱吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明,吸附动力学过程可以用准二级动力学方程进行拟合,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型而不符合Freundlich模型.吸附实验的优化条件为:溶液初始pH值为4.0～5.6,溶液初始Cu2+浓度与吸附剂用量比值为10～25 mg·g-1,吸附时间为30～45 min,吸附温度为20-30℃.龙须眼子菜经甲醇改性后对Cu2+的吸附性能有了很大程度的提高;在改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+的过程中,存在离子交换作用,但不占主导地位;改性龙须眼子菜吸附Cu2+主要依靠醇、酚类中的O-H基团,酰胺类中的C=O、N-H与C-N基团,砜类中的S=O基团与Cu2+的配位作用.     

黄河流域生态补偿研究进展与展望

黄河流域是我国重要的生态功能区,在全国经济社会发展格局中具有重要作用。生态补偿作为保护流域生态环境、促进人与自然和谐的重要手段,在推动黄河流域高质量发展过程中具有重要作用。本文从流域区段、评价方法、影响效应、优化思路、保障机制等方面对黄河流域生态补偿的理论和实践成果进行了综述,同时提出加强多学科协同攻关、构建具有区域特征的生态补偿模式、加快建立以海定陆的生态补偿机制、注重生态损害形成机制和程度评估、加强构建多元化生态补偿保障体系等未来研究中需要深化和完善的几点建议,以期为中国经济高质量发展阶段黄河流域生态补偿的理论与实践研究提供启示和借鉴。     

太原地区大气氮湿沉降变化特征

为研究太原地区的大气氮湿沉降时空变化规律,于2016年1月～2017年12月采用雨量器对太原市市中、近郊和远郊三地大气氮湿沉降进行了为期2年的监测。得到市中、近郊、远郊的NO₃^--N平均浓度为12.9、18.4、1.3 mg/L,NH₄⁺-N平均浓度分别为3.6、2.3、1.6 mg/L。季节变化上看,NH₄⁺-N浓度值四季相对平均,春夏季稍高,而NO₃^--N浓度变化较大且冬春季浓度值较高。三个采样点大气氮湿沉降量（无机氮）年均沉降量分别为40.0、48.0、14.2 kg/hm²,以近郊的沉降量最高。市中、近郊、远郊的NH₄⁺-N沉降量分别为9.0、5.0、8.2 kg/hm²,占总无机氮湿沉降量的比重分别为22%、11%、57%,NO₃^--N沉降量分别是31.0、43.0、6.0 kg/hm²,占总无机氮湿沉降量的比重分别为78%、89%、43%。从上可知城市降水中主要以NO₃^--N沉降为主,农村则以NH₄⁺-N沉降为主。结合市中、近郊、远郊NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N浓度比值分别为0.54、0.30、1.31,充分表明市中和近郊大气氮湿沉降主要来自工业和交通运输源,远郊则来自农业源。另外,市中、近郊月氮湿沉降量与降雨量差异不显著,远郊则达到极显著水平,说明影响市区两点氮湿沉降的因素较为复杂。由以上数据看出市中和近郊氮污染情况比较严重,应根据各自沉降特点予以控制。     

北京地区植物VOCs排放速率的测定

植物释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)主要集中在异戊二烯和单萜烯上,这些种类的化合物占生物圈VOCs释放量2/3.采用封闭式采样和气相色谱分析对北京地区23种典型植物异戊二烯和单萜烯排放速率进行测定和研究,发现阔叶树(如槐,垂柳等)主要释放异戊二烯;而针叶树(如油松)和果树主要释放单萜烯.同时发现植物异戊二烯的释放受光照和温度的影响,而单萜烯的释放则主要受温度的影响.