电解海水对模拟船舶柴油机废气的脱硝应用

采用无隔膜电解方法对海水进行电解,研究了电极间距、电解时间、电流密度等不同电解条件对电解海水中ρ（有效氯）的影响,并基于模拟船舶柴油机废气实验台以及自行搭建的喷淋反应系统,初步研究了电解海水的脱硝效果.结果表明:随电极间距由5 mm增至25 mm,电解电压逐渐增加,而电解溶液的pH变化不明显;随着电流密度与电解时间的增加,电解溶液中ρ（有效氯）近似呈线性增加.在电解电流密度为100 mA/cm2、电解时间为30 min时,电解溶液中ρ（有效氯）达到2 288 mg/L.当采用非循环喷淋模式进行脱硝试验时,随着电解海水中ρ（有效氯）的增加,NO去除率迅速提高,在ρ（有效氯）为872 mg/L时,NO去除率达到79%.电解海水溶液的初始pH对脱硝效果影响较大,当pH为6.0~8.0时,NO_x去除率高于40%.当采用循环喷淋模式进行脱硝试验时,随着电解海水中ρ（有效氯）的增加,NO去除率及其持续时间均明显改善,当ρ（有效氯）为2 288 mg/L时,电解海水的NO去除率高于80%,并且循环喷淋持续时间大于50 min.研究显示,电解海水溶液具有良好的脱硝效果,在船舶柴油机废气脱硝方面具有重要的应用潜力和研究价值.      

强化垂直流可渗透反应墙处理渗滤液污染物

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物组分多、处理难度大、可生化性差的特点,基于可渗透反应墙(PRB)被动修复技术,通过多种填料的组合构建三重垂直流PRB强化的砂箱模型,对垃圾渗滤液进行连续动态处理研究。实验结果表明,填料的组合顺序对强化PRB系统净化能力有较大的影响,由无烟煤、沸石、钢渣依次组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(2#砂箱)对NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、COD、PO3-4-P的平均去除率分别为96.12%、30.36%、75.24%、39.03%和30.47%,处理效果明显好于相同条件下依次由无烟煤、钢渣、沸石组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(1#砂箱)。与常规PRB处理系统相比,强化垂直流可渗透反应墙系统可实现垃圾渗滤液中多种污染物同步有效去除,是极具发展潜力的新型技术。     

硫酸盐还原菌污泥固定化特性

采用玉米芯为碳源,聚乙烯醇(PVA)为包埋载体,饱和硼酸(H3BO3)为交联剂,研究了硫酸盐还原菌污泥(SRBS)、铁屑、麦饭石共固处理合成煤矿酸性废水的最优配比与机理,并分析了固定化过程中小球稳定性及活性的变化规律。实验结果表明,SRBS投加量是影响处理效果的最显著因子,当投加30%SRBS、2%铁屑、3%麦饭石时SO2-4、Mn2+去除率分别为94.13%和84.39%,溶液p H为7.03,未检测出Fe2+;随着交联时间的延长,小球膨胀率及SO2-4还原率分别呈线性与指数下降,从保持小球稳定性与活性角度考虑,可将交联时间设定为4~8 h;该法可为市政污泥的处置以及生物法处理煤矿酸性废水的工程应用提供技术参考。     

Rapidly eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in large air space using spraying *OH radicals

A new method for rapidly eliminating pathogenic microorganisms in large air space using spraying *OH radicals is presented in this paper With a physical method of strong electric-field discharge, large numbers of *OH radicals were produced by the oxygen activated particles of O2+, O(1D), O(3P), etc., and the introducing reagent HO2-. The gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, the gram-negative bacteria Serratia marcescens, and Bacillus spores were used for the eliminating experiments. Results show that the different microorganisms were rapidly killed by *OH radicals with a concentration of 0.8 mg/L and spraying density of 21 microL/m2 within 4 sec. Cell morphological changes were also observed under microscope. The cells of B. subtilis and Bacillus spores in their cellular wall, cellular membrane, or cell protoplasm were greatly destroyed when being exposed to a killing dosage of *OH radicals.     

Shaping effects of rice,wheat, maize,and soybean seedlings on their rhizosphere microbial community

The rhizosphere microbiome plays critical roles in plant growth and is an important interface for resource exchange between plants and the soil environment. Crops at various growing stages, especially the seedling stage, have strong shaping effects on the rhizosphere microbial community, and such community reconstruction will positively feed back to the plant growth. In the present study, we analyzed the variations of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere of four crop species: rice, soybean, maize, and wheat during successive cultivations (three repeats for the seedling stages) using 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) high-throughput sequencing. We found that the relative abundances of specific microorganisms decreased after different cultivation times, e.g., Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, and Caulobacter, which have been reported as plant-growth beneficial bacteria. The relative abundances of potential plant pathogenic fungi Myrothecium and Ascochyta increased with the successive cultivation times. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the bacterial and fungal communities under maize were much more stable than those under rice, soybean, and wheat. The present study explored the characteristics of bacteria and fungi in crop seedling rhizosphere and indicated that the characteristics of indigenous soil flora might determine the plant growth status. Further study will focus on the use of the critical microorganisms to control the growth and yield of specific crops.

     

羟基自由基氧化降解水中土臭素的效率与机制

土臭素(Geosmin,GSM)是一种由蓝绿藻及放线菌产生,具有令人讨厌土霉味的化合物.地表水中存在土臭素,尽管量少,但因传统水处理工艺难以去除,大大降低了饮用水的感官质量.本文采用大气压强电场电离放电结合水力射流空化方式制备的羟基自由基(Hydroxyl radicals,·OH)对水中GSM进行氧化降解,研究了氧化剂投加剂量、接触时间因素的影响,并根据气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)全扫描获取的中间产物探讨了·OH氧化降解GSM的机制.实验结果表明:当氧化剂投加剂量为0.8 mg·L~(-1),管路中接触反应6 s,可把初始浓度100 ng·L~(-1)的GSM降解到10 ng·L~(-1)以下;提高氧化剂投加量至2.6 mg·L~(-1),接触反应180 s,可氧化降解500 ng·L~(-1)的GSM至10 ng·L~(-1)以下,达到我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006).在GSM水样中加入叔丁醇(Tertiary butyl alcohol,TBA)·OH淬灭剂,GSM氧化降解效果明显降低,间接证明了降解GSM的主要物质为·OH.对氧化降解GSM的中间产物分析表明·OH可以破坏GSM双环结构并最终将其矿化成CO_2和H_2O.     

基于模糊层次分析法的木结构古建筑安全评价

为准确地对木结构古建筑进行安全现状评价,考虑到木结构古建筑的结构复杂性,本文提出一种基于模糊层次分析法的木结构古建筑评价方法。利用该方法对故宫博物院景福宫进行检测和评价。结果表明:利用层次分析法对木结构古建筑进行安全性评价简单可行,与传统的评级法相比,该方法可考虑不同构件对结构安全性的贡献程度以及不同属性对同一构件安全性的贡献程度,提高了木结构古建筑安全评价的准确性和可靠性。     

污染地块环境风险管控对策研究

鉴于我国污染地块环境管控法规制度缺失,土壤环境监管方面基本处于空白的实际,为了加强对污染地块的风险管控,规范对污染地块的开发利用,文章从厘清污染地块监管责任、明确监管责任、建立污染地块风险管控制度等方面提出了具体对策,建立了相关的风险管控制度,以期为我国污染地块环境管控提供技术支撑。     

基于多因素分析的玻璃行业员工不安全行为研究

采用问卷调查、信效度分析和因子分析等方法,研究玻璃行业不安全行为影响因素,研究结果表明：玻璃行业员工不安全行为主要包括车间照明、PPE佩戴等18个影响因素指标;根据方差分析结果将影响因素归结为工作环境与行为要求（F₁）、安全教育与培训（F₂）、群体与组织行为影响（F₃）和激励沟通与奖惩（F₄）等4个主因子,其方差解释率分别为32%、12%、10%、10%,权重分别为0.51、0.19、0.15、0.15;根据分析结果针对性提出“4+1”安全管理模式,为玻璃行业降低不安全行为几率、保障安全生产提供理论依据。