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排序方式: 共有133条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Similarly to the industrial sector in the late 1980s, nowadays leading organizations in the healthcare sector acknowledge the fact that human errors, adverse events and system failures must be managed and controlled. Whilst Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) has been well-accepted and integrated into safety management processes in other industries, the application of such error techniques to the problem of managing the associated risks in healthcare is rare. The main purpose of this research is to analyse clinical risk management (CRM) and patient safety improvement in Italian healthcare organizations, through human factors and human reliability theories. In particular, the specific objectives are to explore the Italian state-of-the-art in CRM, with regard to organizational and managerial issues; to identify and verify the factors influencing the growth and sharing of the safety culture and to understand and describe the possibility of transferring human reliability methodologies and theories to the domain of healthcare.Six case studies belonging to the Italian scenario have been performed, in order to describe the Italian healthcare system and to identify the key influencing factors of CRM policies.Results obtained from within and cross-case analysis give an empirical contribution to the recent introduction of CRM in the Italian context and a theoretical contribution referring to the framework used to analyse CRM in healthcare organizations, and to the indications which emerged on the key factors influencing CRM. 相似文献
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Dante Baronciani Chiara Scaglia Carlo Corchia Francesco Torcetta Pierpaolo Mastroiacovo 《黑龙江环境通报》1995,15(12):1101-1108
The aim of the present study was to assess the sensitivity of ultrasound diagnosis used as a screening test in detecting major congenital anomalies in the prenatal period in a large nation-based multicentre setting. Data from the IPIMC register were collected in the period 1986–1990. One hundred and thirty-five hospitals, located in 17 out of the 20 regions in Italy, participated in the register. Study cases were 3479 infants with major congenital anomalies diagnosed at birth or in the first week of life. Subjects with chromosomal anomalies or multiple defects were excluded. The sensitivity of ultrasound prenatal diagnosis was 49.5 per cent for central nervous system anomalies, 3.8 per cent for congenital heart diseases, 17.1 per cent for gastrointestinal tract defects, 46.6 per cent for abdominal wall defects, 74.8 per cent for urinary tract anomalies, and 22.9 per cent for skeletal abnormalities. The detection rate for diaphragmatic hernia was 24.2 per cent. Overall, only 18 per cent of the defects diagnosed in utero were detected before 24 weeks' gestation. The sensitivity of prenatal diagnosis was 30.1 and 19.0 per cent in the northern, central, and southern regions, respectively. In light of its low sensitivity, ultrasonography as a screening test in the general population should be abandoned, although some improvement in its performance should be expected following adequate training of the ultrasound staff and the use of good technical equipment. 相似文献
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Grisoli P Rodolfi M Chiara T Zonta LA Dacarro C 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(7):4171-4180
The proliferation of air-diffused microorganisms inside public buildings such as schools, hospitals, and universities, is often indicated as a possible health risk. In this research, we have illustrated the results of an investigation realized to determine the health of the air in some university classrooms, both from a microbiological and a microclimatic viewpoint, during the normal didactic activity of direct lessons. The results obtained have been expressed by means of contamination indices, already used in previous works. Very little contamination was recorded in the different phases of air treatment, which underlines the efficiency of the system and of the maintenance protocols. The Global Index of Microbial Contamination (GIMC per cubic meter) showed a value greater than the mean during the heating period (290), while the highest values (95th percentile 1,138.45) were recorded in the period using air conditioning. The index of mesophilic bacterial contamination, though it did not show any significant differences in the various modes of air treatment, showed a mean value (1.34) and the 95th percentile value (4.14), which was greater in the air-conditioning phase. Finally, the mean value of the amplification index underlined a decrease in the microbial contamination in comparison to the outside, while showing situations of increased microbial amplification during the period of simple ventilation (95th percentile 4.27). The 95th percentile values found for GICM in the three sampling periods, however, permitted us to identify the value of GIMC per cubic meter equal to 1,000 as a guide to provide a means of self-monitoring the quality of the air inside the classrooms. From a microclimatic viewpoint, two periods of the year manifested discomfort situations: during the heating phase (winter) and during the simple ventilation phase (spring). The results obtained indicate, therefore, a need to intervene on the environmental parameters, not being able, in this particular case, to intervene on other aspects that influence the microclimate. 相似文献
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Contado C Blo G Conato C Dondi F Beckett R 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2003,5(6):845-851
A review of the different methodologies employed to fractionate and characterize riverine suspended particulate matter is presented. The importance of size-based metal speciation is underlined and the possibility of studying it by the Sedimentation Field Flow Fractionation (SdFFF) technique is illustrated. The studies on the metal load in river Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) performed over the last ten years are critically reviewed focusing on the different methods employed to collect, concentrate and size-fractionate samples. The fact that there is no homogeneity in methods and data collection in this field is underlined. Among the different fractionation techniques, Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) methodologies have proved to be a good approach to study the role of SPM in metal load and transport. The possibility of studying size-based metal speciation using the SdFFF technique is presented and the importance of metal speciation in rivers is underlined. 相似文献
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Marco Natali Augusto Zanella Aleksandar Rankovic Damien Banas Chiara Cantaluppi Luc Abbadie Jean -Christophe Lata 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(23):23496-23510
Mosses are useful, ubiquitous accumulation biomonitors and as such can be used for biomonitoring surveys. However, the biomonitoring of atmospheric pollution can be compromised in urban contexts if the targeted biomonitors are regularly disturbed, irregularly distributed, or are difficult to access. Here, we test the hypothesis that cemeteries are appropriate moss sampling sites for the evaluation of air pollution in urban areas. We sampled mosses growing on gravestones in 21 urban and peri-urban cemeteries in the Paris metropolitan area. We focused on Grimmia pulvinata (Hedwig) Smith, a species abundantly found in all studied cemeteries and very common in Europe. The concentration of Al, As, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, V, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sr, Ti, and Zn was determined by a total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique coupled with a slurry sampling method (slurry-TXRF). This method avoids a digestion step, reduces the risk of sample contamination, and works even at low sample quantities. Elemental markers of road traffic indicated that the highest polluted cemeteries were located near the highly frequented Parisian ring road and under the influence of prevailing winds. The sites with the lowest pollution were found not only in the peri-urban cemeteries, adjoining forest or farming landscapes, but also in the large and relatively wooded cemeteries located in the center of Paris. Our results suggest that (1) slurry-TXRF might be successfully used with moss material, (2) G. pulvinata might be a good biomonitor of trace metals air pollution in urban context, and (3) cemetery moss sampling could be a useful complement for monitoring urban areas. 相似文献
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Alpine livestock farms consist of pastures, buildings, people and animals, and are a key element for the economy in the Alps. Pastures and huts are often owned by the local municipalities, who lease them to private tenants. However, this activity is often no longer profitable, and thus pastures and huts remain unused and abandoned. This research provides an economic estimate of pastoral farming using the choice experiment (CE) method, also assessing the willingness to pay (WTP) for pastoral farming functions. The study examines different scenarios of upland farm management in order to provide recommendations for public owners on how to better manage these assets. The case study is located in an alpine area in northern Italy. Our results show a higher WTP for the attributes related to the traditional Alpine agricultural economy, with an emphasis on grazing. Several policy implications regarding agricultural renewal and support for mountain livelihoods are highlighted in the conclusions. 相似文献