FACE试验对土壤有机质库组分及其激发效应的影响

以意大利的FACE(Free atmospheric CO2 enrichment)长期定位试验区和大气环境控制装置为研究对象,用化学分步酸提法将土壤有机质分离为活性库、慢库和惰性库,并培养测定土壤有机氮的矿化率,研究人工模拟大气CO2富集、施氮肥及植株类型对土壤有机质库及激发效应的影响.第一茬(POP FACE)试验产生了激发效应.但第二茬(Euro FACE)试验CO2处理区的总碳增加最显著高于对照处理区.即激发效应终止.主成分分析显示,有效氮的矿化水平已成为有机质降解的制约因素.据此推断,试验区巾活性碳和有效氮控制的激发效应阶段转变为氮利用受限所引起的碳积累阶段.CO2富集对N矿化率、慢库和惰性库均无显著性影响.研究结果表明,土壤的激发效应不仅受有机碳的活性库制约,氮的矿化率也是影响其发生的关键因子之一.     

Toxic Effect of a Pesticide, Diflubenzuron on Freshwater Microinvertebrate (Tetrahymena pyriformis)

Harmful bugs affect food production,directly by the qualitativeor quantitative reduction of the harvests,or indirectly while servinglike vectors of several illnesses of the plants and human[1].Many chemical products are used by human for a long time inthe…     

Spatial and Temporal Performance of the MiniFACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) System on Bog Ecosystems in Northern and Central Europe

The Bog Ecosystem Research Initiative (BERI) projectwas initiated to investigate, at five climaticallydifferent sites across Europe, the effects of elevatedCO₂ and N deposition on the net exchange ofCO₂ and CH₄ between bogs and the atmosphere,and to study the effects of elevated CO₂ and Ndeposition on the plant biodiversity of bogcommunities. A major challenge to investigate theeffects of elevated CO₂ on vegetation andecosystems is to apply elevated CO₂concentrations to growing vegetation without changingthe physical conditions like climate and radiation.Most available CO₂ enrichment methods disturb thenatural conditions to some degree, for instance closedchambers or open top chambers. Free Air CO₂Enrichment (FACE) systems have proven to be suitableto expose plants to elevated CO₂ concentrationswith minimal disturbance of their natural environment.The size and spatial scale of the vegetation studiedwithin the BERI project allowed the use of a modifiedversion of a small FACE system called MiniFACE. Thispaper describes the BERI MiniFACE design as well asits temporal and spatial performance at the five BERIfield locations. The temporal performance of theMiniFACE system largely met the quality criteriadefined by the FACE Protocol. One minute averageCO₂ concentrations measured at the centre of thering stayed within 20% of the pre-set target for morethan 95% of the time. Increased wind speeds werefound to improve the MiniFACE system's temporalperformance. Spatial analyses showed no apparentCO₂ gradients across a ring during a 4 day periodand the mean differences between each sampling pointand the centre of the ring did not exceed 10%.Observations made during a windy day, causing aCO₂ concentration gradient, and observations madeduring a calm day indicated that short term gradientstend to average out over longer periods of time. On aday with unidirectional strong winds, CO₂concentrations at the upwind side of the ring centrewere higher than those made at the centre and at thedownwind side of the ring centre, but the bell-shapeddistribution was found basically the same for thecentre and the four surrounding measurement points,implying that the short term (1 sec) variability ofCO₂ concentrations across the MiniFACE ring isalmost the same at any point in the ring. Based on gasdispersion simulations and measured CO₂concentration profiles, the possible interferencebetween CO₂-enriched and control rings was foundto be negligible beyond a centre-to-centre ringdistance of 6 m.     

SOMPROF: A vertically explicit soil organic matter model

Most current soil organic matter (SOM) models represent the soil as a bulk without specification of the vertical distribution of SOM in the soil profile. However, the vertical SOM profile may be of great importance for soil carbon cycling, both on short (hours to years) time scale, due to interactions with the soil temperature and moisture profile, as well as on long (years to centuries) time scale because of depth-specific stabilization mechanisms of organic matter. It is likely that a representation of the SOM profile and surface organic layers in SOM models can improve predictions of the response of land surface fluxes to climate and environmental variability. Although models capable of simulating the vertical SOM profile exist, these were generally not developed for large scale predictive simulations and do not adequately represent surface organic horizons. We present SOMPROF, a vertically explicit SOM model, designed for implementation into large scale ecosystem and land surface models. The model dynamically simulates the vertical SOM profile and organic layer stocks based on mechanistic representations of bioturbation, liquid phase transport of organic matter, and vertical distribution of root litter input. We tested the model based on data from an old growth deciduous forest (Hainich) in Germany, and performed a sensitivity analysis of the transport parameters, and the effects of the vertical SOM distribution on temporal variation of heterotrophic respiration. Model results compare well with measured organic carbon profiles and stocks. SOMPROF is able to simulate a wide range of SOM profiles, using parameter values that are realistic compared to those found in previous studies. Results of the sensitivity analysis show that the vertical SOM distribution strongly affects temporal variation of heterotrophic respiration due to interactions with the soil temperature and moisture profile.     

Analysis of polychlorobiphenyls from used transformers for polychlorodibenzofurans

The results of analyses for polychlorodibenzofuran (PCDF) content in two samples of polychlorobiphenyl (PCB) from used electrical transformers are presented and discussed. In neither sample was there evidence for enhanced PCDF concentrations even though one of them had been subjected to overheating while in service.     

Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in technical pentachlorophenol - results of a collaborative analytical exercise

Results of analyses of eight samples of technical pentachlorophenol conducted by three different analytical methods are presented and discussed.     

Space-time statistics for environmental and agricultural related phenomena

This paper presents an overview of space-time statistical procedures to analyse agricultural and environmental related phenomena. It starts with an application on root-rot development in cotton. Dependence modelling in space and time is done with the space-time variogram. Various kriging interpolators are presented for making predictions in space and time. Simulated annealing is used to design an optimal monitoring network for estimation of space-time variograms. In the application no clear indication was found for anisotropy, although strong evidence exists that the disease not only proceeds within rows but also jumps between rows. The optimal sampling scheme showed a spatial clustering of observations at the first and the last monitoring day and less observations at intermediate times.     

Long term changes in polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations in wood treated with technical pentachlorophenol

Wood samples treated with technical pentachlorophenol (PCP), technical sodium pentachlorophenoxide (NaPCP) and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin have been exposed outdoors for periods up to $\text{2}\text{1}\text{2}$ years. Analysis of extracts from the samples show that photolytic reductive dechlorination of highly chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins to less chlorinated isomers occurs. However there is no discernible increase in polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin concentrations in the technical PCP treated wood presumably because further photolytic reactions and volatilisation compete effectively with the photolytic formation. There is no evidence for formation of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) in technical PCP treated wood in this study, probably because photolytic destruction and volatilisation compete effectively with formation reactions when the initial OCDD concentration is relatively high.