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Agricultural fire for land preparation is central in the livelihoods of subsistence farmers practicing shifting cultivation. Achieving a good agricultural burn, one in which the biomass is thoroughly consumed within the chosen area, depends on specific weather conditions. Fire use decisions are also shaped by institutions that define the timing and rules for fire use but also constrain the alternatives and shape adaptive capacities. Global and regional climate changes interact with the institutional framing of fire management affecting local fire use and burn outcomes. These effects are documented and analyzed to suggest adaptations to existing governance systems. We examined subsistence farmers’ socio-ecological vulnerability in the Calakmul municipality, located in southeastern Mexico. Using interviews with farmers and government agents, as well as participatory mapping and observation of agricultural burns, we studied fire management knowledge, practices and burn outcomes. Our results describe a continuum of burn outcomes covering good agricultural burns, uncontrolled burns leading to wildfires and “malquemados” literally poorly burned areas. Malquemados represent unsuccessful combustion associated with excess moisture that results in scorched vegetation. We discuss how unexpected early rains trigger effects that cascade through space and the ecological, economic and cultural domains. We argue that fire management has been historically approached from a conservation standpoint yet agricultural fire use and wildfire prevention should also be addressed from a rural development perspective. This shift in fire management would lead to the proper inclusion of the entire array of burn outcomes in studies and policies addressing farmers’ vulnerability amplified by synergistic effects between climate variability and institutional change. 相似文献
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以著名钢铁企业上海宝钢为例,基于厂区植被调查、航片数字化解释、优势种生物量测定及模型建立,对宝钢厂区植被碳储量和固碳能力进行估算,并通过碳税法对其固碳效益进行评价,以期为城市工业区绿地群落配置和绿化树种选择、企业绿化建设的费用效益分析提供更为科学的依据。结果表明:宝钢厂区植被总碳储量为3992.99~4736.17 t,固碳效益为13507.33~16185.85万元;平均碳密度为45.82~53.27 t/hm2,固碳能力为5.91~6.87t/(hm2.a),高于上海城市森林平均值,但小于中国森林平均值,一定程度上受平均胸径、郁闭度及群落密度等因素影响。厂区在进行绿化建设时,应考虑选择防污且固碳能力强的植物,构建防污固碳兼有型群落,发挥植被的多元功能。 相似文献
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Sperm ultrastructure of the giant clam Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae: Bivalvia: Mollusca) from the Great Barrier Reef 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Using transmission electron microscopy, spermatozoa from a member of the Tridacnidae, or giant clams, are described for the first time and compared with spermatozoa of other bivalves, especially other heterodonts. The acrosomal vesicle of Tridacna maxima (Röding, 1798) is short (0.37?μm), blunt-conical, and exhibits a prominent basal ring. A narrow apical elaboration of the nucleus, the nuclear peg, projects deep into the basal invagination of the acrosomal vesicle. Aside from this specialization, the nucleus is a solid elongate-cylindrical structure (7.66?μm) that exhibits several small irregular lacunae. Four or occasionally three round-ovate mitochondria surround a pair of orthogonally-arranged, triplet-substructure centrioles. The proximal centriole is connected to a small indentation of the nuclear base by a thin layer of granular pericentriolar material, whereas the distal centriole is anchored to the plasma membrane by nine terminally-forked satellite fibres. The 9?+?2 pattern axoneme of the tail is continuous with the distal centriole. Comparison with other bivalves indicates a very close relationship between tridacnids and cardiids based on sperm ultrastructure. Specifically, the presence of a nuclear peg links Tridacna spp. with the cardiid genus Cerastoderma, but further information on the many unstudied genera is required to test the exact nature of this relationship. The sperm ultrastructure provides additional support for the recently proposed hypothesis that the Tridacnidae may be no more than a specialized subfamily of the Cardiidae. 相似文献
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Smith Erin F. Lieske Scott N. Keys Noni Smith Timothy F. 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(4):1185-1199
Regional Environmental Change - Research that projects biophysical changes under climate change is more advanced than research that projects socio-economic changes. There is a need in adaptation... 相似文献
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S. Safe G. Mason B. Keys K. Farrell B. Zmudzka T. Sawyer J. Piskorska-Pliszczynska L. Safe M. Romkes S. Bandiera 《Chemosphere》1986,15(9-12):1725-1731
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) elicit a number of common biologic and toxic responses which are triggered by their initial binding to a cytosolic receptor protein. These effects include the induction of several cytochrome P-448 dependent monooxygenases (eg, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, AHH), body weight loss and thymic atrophy. The dose-response effects of selected PCDFs on AHH induction in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells and cytosolic receptor binding affinities have been determined. The results of these
and
studies demonstrate the remarkable effects of structure on the activity of PCDFs. A systematic study of each of the four different position for chlorine substitution in the dibenzofuran ring system showed that the toxic and biologic potencies of these compounds varied with respect to differential chlorine substitution at all four position, i.e. C-3(7) > C-2(8) >C-4(6) > C-1(9).
SARs for PCDDs confirmed the importance of the lateral CI substituents and also showed that 1,2(or 6,7-) substituted PCDDs were more active than the corresponding 1,3-dichloro analogs. In addition, there were significant decreases in activity with increasing non-lateral CI substitution. The SARs for PCDFs were different from the PCDDs and this was directly related to the asymmetric structure of the former group of compounds. 相似文献
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园林绿化树种香樟叶片的含硫量动态分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植物对一定浓度范围内的大气污染物,具有一定程度的抵抗及吸收净化作用。为了解南京市主要园林绿化树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)叶片吸收净化SO2的能力,选择在5个不同污染靶区,以3个不同胸径级的香樟叶片为研究对象,采用硫酸钡比浊法测定了不同季节香樟叶片的含硫量。结果表明:香樟叶片对SO2具有一定的吸收净化能力,其叶片含硫量平均为0.2160%,且其含量随分布区、生长季节及个体胸径不同差异显著;并与异域大气中SO2污染指数成一定的正相关;与个体胸径大小成显著负相关;季节间呈现出"先降后升再降"的动态趋势,于春秋季较高,而夏冬季较低。 相似文献
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为认知水源地型水库异味发生风险及其规律,本研究于异味风险高危期(夏季),对江苏17个省级水源地型水库开展了水质、浮游生物和异味物质状况调查.结果表明,本次调查的17个水库普遍存在富营养化程度偏高(如藻类生物量偏大和水体透明度偏低)的问题,约三分之一的水库出现部分水层异味物质2-甲基异莰醇(MIB)浓度超标,MIB平均浓度为(13. 7±20. 7) ng·L-1,表明江苏省水库型水源地普遍存在MIB风险;多个水库检出土臭素(GSM),但其浓度均没有超过10ng·L-1的饮用水标准浓度(最大浓度为4. 6 ng·L-1);同步水质调查及统计分析表明,MIB浓度和水体叶绿素a浓度、水体透明度、悬浮颗粒物浓度、富营养化指数等重要水质指标及浮游植物生物量(特别是蓝藻生物量)相关性显著(P 0. 05),其中MIB与叶绿素a、富营养化指数呈极显著的相关关系(P 0. 01).因此,水源地型水库的异味物质风险与水库的富营养化密切相关;实施营养盐外源输入削减、提高流域植被覆盖度、科学调控渔业养殖规模等水体富营养化控制措施是水库异味物质控制的关键. 相似文献
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