铁炭微电解强化水解酸化反应器高效处理聚乙烯醇废水

以聚乙烯醇(PVA)退浆废水为研究对象,构建了铁炭微电解强化厌氧生物处理的废水处理系统,对比研究了不同负荷条件下常规水解酸化反应器(R1,无铁炭材料)和铁炭耦合厌氧水解酸化反应器(R2,有铁炭材料)对PVA退浆废水的去除效果、颗粒污泥特性(胞外聚合物(EPS))、挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)组成及微生物群落结构的差异。结果表明:R2出水平均COD去除率和平均PVA去除率分别稳定在86.8%和75.8%,均优于R1;添加铁炭材料可促进丙酸、丁酸转化成乙酸,提高了乙酸产量;R2颗粒污泥紧密黏附EPS(TB-EPS)、松散附着EPS(LB-EPS)含量较R1有所增加,颗粒污泥结构得到优化。高通量测序结果表明,添加铁炭对水解酸化菌群有显著影响,Propionibacteriaceae、Clostridium sensu stricto 12在PVA的降解中起重要作用。综合上述结果,铁炭微电解可有效强化水解酸化反应器对PVA退浆废水的处理效果,研究结果可为厌氧生物法处理PVA退浆废水提供参考。     

印染末端废水中全氟化合物的污染特征、影响因素及风险评价

全氟化合物（Perfluorinated compounds,PFCs）常被作为织物整理剂和表面活性剂应用于纺织印染行业,通过末端处理排放进入水体环境,对生态安全产生直接影响.本研究采集我国长三角地区58家纺织印染厂的调节池原水和末端排放尾水样品,建立固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（SPE-UPLC-MS/MS）对8种短中链全氟化合物（C4~C8）进行分析,探明印染废水PFCs的污染特征.结果表明,8种目标化合物在废水样本中检出率为38.9%~100.0%,原水中PFCs浓度为29.37~4518.27 ng·L^-1,末端尾水中PFCs浓度为8.82~3995.76 ng·L^-1,其中PFOA是首要的污染物.传统的废水处理工艺对短中链全氟化合物有一定去除作用,去除率最高可达79.9%.Kruskal-Wallis检验发现PFOA、PFHpA及PFHxA在以化纤为原料的生产过程中残留水平显著高于其他材料.Spearman相关性分析及主成分分析显示,官能团结构、碳链长度和前体物质降解是影响其来源的主要因素.生态风险分析结果表明,PFOA和PFOS的风险商值均小于1,尚未达到对生态环境和水生生物具有风险的水平.     

纺织工业产排污特征与水污染治理技术进展

纺织工业在我国国民经济中发挥着重要的作用,但其水污染防治问题也一直是环境治理的重点与难点.随着生态文明建设理念的提升,纺织工业将面临愈加严格的排放标准和环境管理要求.为更清晰地了解纺织工业水污染治理技术的现状和发展趋势,首先对纺织生产过程进行梳理,分析及总结了行业中纺织和染整两个主要加工过程的产排污特点;其次,分别对物化、生物以及深度处理技术进行分析与汇总,提出了基于废水分质处理和再生回用的可行技术体系;最后,结合我国环境管理制度的发展,根据未来纺织工业技术的发展趋势对行业水污染治理的发展方向进行展望.研究显示:完善末端处理技术、提高废水回用率、推行清洁生产是我国未来纺织废水治理的发展方向;同时也亟需推进工业聚集区的设立,确立以排污许可为核心的管理制度,加强对纺织企业废水污染排放的监督.      

Preparation and properties of chitosan–metal complex: Some factors influencing the adsorption capacity for dyes in aqueous solution

Chitosan–metal complexes have been widely studied in wastewater treatment, but there are still various factors in complex preparation which are collectively responsible for improving the adsorption capacity need to be further studied. Thus, this study investigates the factors affecting the adsorption ability of chitosan–metal complex adsorbents, including various kinds of metal centers, different metal salts and crosslinking degree. The results show that the chitosan–Fe( Ⅲ) complex prepared by sulfate salts exhibited the best adsorption efficiency(100%) for various dyes in very short time duration(10 min), and its maximum adsorption capacity achieved 349.22 mg/g. The anion of the metal salt which was used in preparation played an important role to enhance the adsorption ability of chitosan–metal complex. SO_4~(2-) ions not only had the effect of crosslinking through electrostatic interaction with amine group of chitosan polymer, but also could facilitate the chelation of metal ions with chitosan polymer during the synthesis process.Additionally, the p H sensitivity and the sensitivity of ionic environment for chitosan–metal complex were analyzed. We hope that these factors affecting the adsorption of the chitosan–metal complex can help not only in optimizing its use but also in designing new chitosan–metal based complexes.     

Enantioselectivity in toxicity and degradation of dichlorprop-methyl in algal cultures

Enantioselectivity in the toxicity and degradation of the herbicide dichlorprop-methyl (2,4-DCPPM) in algal cultures was studied. Enantioselectivity was clearly observed in the toxicity of racemic 2,4-DCPPM and its two enantiomers. R-2,4-DCPPM showed low toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlorella vulgaris, but higher toxicity to Scenedesmus obliquus. The observed toxicity was ranked: R-2,4-DCPPM > S-2,4-DCPPM ? Rac-2,4-DCPPM; the toxicity of R-2,4-DCPPM was about 8-fold higher than that of Rac-2,4-DCPPM. Additionally, 2,4-DCPPM was quickly degraded, in the initial 12 h, and different algae cultures had different enantioselectivity for the 2,4-DCPPM enantiomers. There was no significant enantioselectivity for 2,4-DCPPM in Chlorella vulgaris in the initial 7 h. However, racemic 2,4-DCPPM was degraded by Scenedesmus obliquus quickly, in the initial 4 h, much quicker, in fact, than the S- or R-enantiomers (racemate > R- > S-), indicating that the herbicide 2,4-DCPPM was absorbed enantioselectively by Scenedesmus obliquus. The rapid formation of 2,4-DCPP suggested that 2,4-DCPPM adsorbed by algal cells was catalytically hydrolyzed to the free acid, a toxic metabolite. The production rates of 2,4-DCPP were as follows: Scenedesmus obliquus > Chlorella pyrenoidosa > Chlorella vulgaris, consistent with the degradability of 2,4-DCPPM. Scenedesmus obliquus had quick, but different, degradative and uptake abilities for R-, S-, and Rac-2,4-DCPPM. The R- and S- enantiomers were not hydrolyzed in the first 12 h, while both enantiomers were hydrolyzed slowly after that. These results indicate that some physical and chemical properties of compounds are of importance in determining their enantioselective toxicity and degradation. The ester and its metabolite likely played an important role in enantioselective toxicity to the three algae.     

Enantioselectivity in toxicity and degradation of dichlorprop-methyl in algal cultures

Enantioselectivity in the toxicity and degradation of the herbicide dichlorprop-methyl (2,4-DCPPM) in algal cultures was studied. Enantioselectivity was clearly observed in the toxicity of racemic 2,4-DCPPM and its two enantiomers. R-2,4-DCPPM showed low toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Chlorella vulgaris, but higher toxicity to Scenedesmus obliquus. The observed toxicity was ranked: R-2,4-DCPPM>S-2,4-DCPPM>Rac-2,4-DCPPM; the toxicity of R-2,4-DCPPM was about 8-fold higher than that of Rac-2,4-DCPPM. Additionally, 2,4-DCPPM was quickly degraded, in the initial 12 h, and different algae cultures had different enantioselectivity for the 2,4-DCPPM enantiomers. There was no significant enantioselectivity for 2,4-DCPPM in Chlorella vulgaris in the initial 7 h. However, racemic 2,4-DCPPM was degraded by Scenedesmus obliquus quickly, in the initial 4 h, much quicker, in fact, than the S- or R-enantiomers (racemate>R->S-), indicating that the herbicide 2,4-DCPPM was absorbed enantioselectively by Scenedesmus obliquus. The rapid formation of 2,4-DCPP suggested that 2,4-DCPPM adsorbed by algal cells was catalytically hydrolyzed to the free acid, a toxic metabolite. The production rates of 2,4-DCPP were as follows: Scenedesmus obliquus>Chlorella pyrenoidosa>Chlorella vulgaris, consistent with the degradability of 2,4-DCPPM. Scenedesmus obliquus had quick, but different, degradative and uptake abilities for R-, S-, and Rac-2,4-DCPPM. The R- and S- enantiomers were not hydrolyzed in the first 12 h, while both enantiomers were hydrolyzed slowly after that. These results indicate that some physical and chemical properties of compounds are of importance in determining their enantioselective toxicity and degradation. The ester and its metabolite likely played an important role in enantioselective toxicity to the three algae.     

微塑料在淀山湖水环境的污染分布、组成特征和生态风险

河流和湖泊是微塑料从陆地向海洋传输的重要渠道,是受人类活动和物质运输影响的重要区域.为研究微塑料在淀山湖地表水中的赋存特征和潜在风险,对淀山湖18个采样点表层水的微塑料丰度、形态、粒径、颜色和聚合物类型进行分析.结果显示,表层水中微塑料的丰度为575～5375 n·m^-3,平均为（1960±1085）n·m^-3.位于近生活区采样点的微塑料丰度(（2490±1260）n·m^-3)显著高于风景区(（1540±1280）n·m^-3)和农田区(（1170±430）n·m^-3),另外,出湖口采样点的微塑料丰度(（3570±2160）n·m^-3)显著高于入湖口(（2120±580）n·m^-3)及其他位置(（1500±730）n·m^-3),表现出明显的空间分布差异.纤维是最常见的微塑料形态（88.04%）;小粒径（<0.5 mm）及黑色微塑料占据主导地位,分别占比56.42%及57.86%;聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（Poly...     

Identifying critical failure factors of green supply chain management in China’s SMEs with a hierarchical cause–effect model

Environment, Development and Sustainability - Compared to large companies, the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in China are more likely to fail in developing green supply chain management...