剩余污泥中木质纤维素稳定并转化能源可行性分析

剩余污泥中往往含有大量木质纤维素物质,在厌氧消化过程中难以降解,最终被浓缩于熟污泥中,这就是导致污泥有机物稳定并转化能源效率低下的主要原因之一.本文分析了剩余污泥中木质纤维素的含量与来源;阐述了木质纤维素的结构特点以及对其生物降解的关键技术所在;揭示了污泥常规预处理与木质纤维素预处理存在工艺条件不同的相似技术.文章结合两种预处理技术的特点和工艺条件,从原理、技术等角度分析了通过强化剩余污泥预处理而同时达到破解木质纤维素的技术思路.为此,提出了将污泥细胞破碎与木质纤维素破解耦合的观点,以期将污泥中木质纤维素的稳定与能源转化合二为一,从而构建木质纤维素稳定化、能源化与碳减排三位一体的技术策略     

改性SiO2气凝胶对废水中Fe3+的吸附性能

制备了改性SiO₂气凝胶,考察了经不同类型、不同配比的改性剂改性的SiO₂气凝胶对模拟含Fe³⁺废水的吸附处理效果。实验结果表明：改性SiO₂气凝胶的最佳制备条件为三甲基氯硅烷（TMCS）作改性剂,V（TMCS）#x02236;V（正己烷）=1#x02236;5;当改性SiO₂气凝胶加入量为75g/L、吸附时间为4h、Fe³⁺质量浓度为10mg/L时,模拟含Fe³⁺废水的Fe³⁺去除率为98.32%,剩余Fe³⁺质量浓度为0.168mg/L;采用改性SiO₂气凝胶动态吸附处理流量为420mL/h、Fe³⁺质量浓度为100mg/L的模拟含Fe³⁺废水,吸附后废水中剩余Fe³⁺质量浓度仅为0.196mg/L。     

Effects of crude oil residuals on soil chemical properties in oil sites, Momoge Wetland, China

Crude oil exploration and production has been the largest anthropogenic factor contributing to the degradation of Momoge Wetland, China. To study the effects of crude oil on wetland soils, we examined the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP), as well as pH and electricity conductivity (EC) from oil sites and uncontaminated areas in the Momoge Wetland. All contaminated areas had significantly higher (p < 0.05) contents of TPH and TOC, but significantly lower (p < 0.05) TN contents than those of the uncontaminated areas. Contaminated sites also exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) pH values, C/N and C/P ratios. For TP contents and EC, no significant changes were detected. The level of soil contamination and impact of oil residuals on soil quality greatly depended on the length of time the oil well was in production. Oil residuals had caused some major changes in the soils’ chemical properties in the Momoge Wetland.     

Spectral Characterization of Four Kinds of Biodegradable Plastics: Poly (Lactic Acid), Poly (Butylenes Adipate-Co-Terephthalate), Poly (Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate) and Poly (Butylenes Succinate) with FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared microscope and confocal Raman spectroscope were employed in this study to investigate four kinds of biodegradable plastics: poly(lactic acid),poly(butylenes adipate-co-terephthalate), poly(butylenes succinate) and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate), which are used more and more popularly in everyday life but can not be identified easily with other instruments. Infrared and Raman spectra of the plastics were tentatively interpreted. The indicative peaks to characterize the four polymers were also summarized. The result in this study can help the forensic scientists discriminate the plastics accurately when they occurred as trace evidences in cases, it also offers the producer and environment scientists an effective, non-invasive and fast method to characterize and identify these four polymers.     

工程现场HSE可视标准化的开发和应用

介绍了工程现场HSE可视标准化开发和应用的背景,探讨了解决思路和具体做法,以及HSE可视标准化的推广应用价值.     

Size distributions and sources of elements in particulate matter at curbside, urban and rural sites in Beijing

Size distributions of 29 elements in aerosols collected at urban, rural and curbside sites in Beijing were studied. High levels of Mn, Ni, As, Cd and Pb indicate the pollution of toxic heavy metals cannot be neglected in Beijing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates 4 sources of combustion emission, crust related sources, traffic related sources and volatile species from coal combustion. The elements can be roughly divided into 3 groups by size distribution and enrichment factors method (EFs). Group 1 elements are crust related and mainly found within coarse mode including Al, Mg, Ca, Sc, Ti, Fe, Sr, Zr and Ba; Group 2 elements are fossil fuel related and mostly concentrated in accumulation mode including S, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Tl and Pb; Group 3 elements are multi-source related and show multi-mode distribution including Be, Na, K, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Sn and Sb. The EFs of Be, S, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ga, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl and Pb show higher values in winter than in summer indicating sources of coal combustion for heating in winter. The abundance of Cu and Sb in coarse mode is about 2-6 times higher at curbside site than at urban site indicating their traffic sources. Coal burning may be the major source of Pb in Beijing since the phase out of leaded gasoline, as the EFs of Pb are comparable at both urban and curbside sites, and about two times higher in winter than that in summer.     

Degradation and detoxification of microcystin-LR in drinking water by sequential use of UV and ozone

Microcystins (MCs) produced by cyanobacteria are strong hepatotoxins and classified as possible carcinogens.MCs pose a considerable threat to human health through tainted drinking and surface waters.Herein filtrated water from a waterworks in Harbin,China,was spiked with microcystin-LR (MC-LR) extracted from a toxic scum of microcystis aeruginosa,and the spiked sample waters were treated using UV irradiation with consequent ozonation process (UV/O3),compared with ozonation at a dose range commonly applied in water treatment plants,UV irradiation at 254 nm and UV irradiation combined with ozonation (UV+O3),respectively.The remaining of toxins were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and also determined using a protein phosphatase type 2A inhibition assay,which was utilized to evaluate the reduction in toxicity.Results indicated that in comparison to other three processes (O3,UV,and UV+O3),UV/O 3 process could effectively decrease both the concentration and toxicity of MC-LR at 100 μg/L level after 5 min UV irradiation with consequent 5 min ozonation at 0.2 mg/L (below 1 μg/L),while 0.5 mg/L ozone dose was required for the level below 0.1 μg/L.The addition of an UV treatment step to the existing treatment train may induce significant transformation of micropollutants and breaks down the natural organic matters into moieties unfavorable for ozone decomposition,stabilizing the ozone residual.These findings suggested that sequential use of UV and ozone may be a suitable method for the removal of these potentially hazardous microcystins from drinking water.     

臭氧氧化降解水中四丁基锡效能及动力学研究

对水中臭氧氧化降解四丁基锡(TeBT)的反应动力学、效能及影响因素进行了实验研究.结果表明,温度从12℃升到22℃,TeBT的去除率可从36％升高到43％,但当温度升到32℃时其去除率有所下降.pH升高有利于TeBT的氧化降解,在pH =5.9的缓冲溶液中,前10 min TeBT的去除率为30％;在pH=8.0的缓冲溶液中,前10 min TeBT的去除率提高到42％.原因可能是pH的升高会使臭氧在水中的分解速率加快,臭氧向水相转移率也提高.·OH抑制剂叔丁醇和重碳酸盐对臭氧氧化去除TeBT具有明显的抑制作用,说明在臭氧氧化去除TeBT的过程主要受到·OH产率的影响.通过拟一级反应动力学,计算出单独臭氧(即臭氧分子)与TeBT的直接反应速率常数ko3=435.79 L·mol-1·s-1,·OH与TeBT的间接反应速率常数k.oH=1.4 ×109 L·mol-1·s-1.     

Photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange in a three-phase fluidized bed reactor

The photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange under weak illumination conditions was carried out in two different types of fluidized bed reactors. TiO2 powder was employed as the photocatalysts and a 15 W low pressure mercury lamp was used as the light source and the reactor volume was 2.5 l. The parametric study of photocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange in two different types of fluidized beds was investigated; effect of catalyst loadings, pH, air flow rate, initial concentration and oxygen concentration on the oxidation reaction rate. The experimental results were analyzed in conjunction with the characteristics of fluidized bed and the reactor geometry effect on the reaction rate was analyzed.     

大弹弹体冲压工艺CAD系统开发

此文论述了大弹弹体冲压工艺计算机辅助设计的主要思想和结构框架,对进一步开发弹体制造CAD/CAM技术提高了具体线索和思路。