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Tracy MacKeracher Meira Mizrahi Brock Bergseth Khin May Chit Maung Zin Lin Khine Ei Thal Phyu Colin A. Simpfendorfer Amy Diedrich 《Ambio》2021,50(3):572
Achieving fisheries compliance is challenging in contexts where enforcement capacity is limited and the incentives for rule-breaking are strong. This challenge is exemplified in Myanmar, where an active shark fishery exists despite a nationwide ban on targeted shark fishing. We used the Kipling method (5W1H) to gather a complete story of non-compliance in five small-scale fishing communities in the Myeik Archipelago. Among 144 fishers surveyed, 49% were aware of the nationwide ban. Shark fishers (24%) tended to be younger individuals who did not own a boat and perceived shark fishing to be prevalent. Compliant fishers were motivated by a fear of sharks and lack of capacity (equipment, knowledge), whereas food and income were cited as key motivations for non-compliance. The results of our study emphasize that in resource-dependent communities, improving compliance for effective shark conservation may require addressing broader issues of poverty, food security and the lack of alternatives.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01400-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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Effects of temperature,nutritive and metal stressors on the reproductive biology of Mytilus edulis 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Experimental observations suggest that the gametogenic cycle of Mytilus edulis from Swansea Bay, South Wales (U.K.) is adversely modified by the combined effects of temperature, nutritive and sublethal metal-induced stress. During low temperature stress, oogenesis remained in the vegetative stage and vitellogenesis only commenced when temperatures were raised to ambient levels. Copper was the most toxic metal, although its uptake was slowest. A concentration of 0.05 mg l-1 of this metal proved lethal at ambient temperatures, although at low temperatures there was no mortality. Copper suppressed both the growth of young oocytes and vitellogenesis in larger oocytes. Zinc was less toxic than copper, although this also inhibited oocyte development and resulted in severe lysis of gametes. Cadmium was the least toxic of the three metals studied and suppressed gametogenesis only in the initial stages of gonad development. The low toxicity of cadmium to gametogenesis may be a result of its high solubility and its possible storage in the digestive gland. 相似文献
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The Mae Tao Clinic, located on the Thailand-Burma border, has provided health services for illegal migrant workers in Thailand and internally displaced people from Burma since 1989. In 2001, the clinic launched a project with the primary aim of improving reproductive health services and the secondary aim of building clinic capacity in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). This paper first presents the project's methods and key results. The team used observation of antenatal care and family-planning sessions and client exit interviews at baseline and follow-up, approximately 13 months apart, to assess performance on six elements of quality of care. Findings indicated that improving programme readiness contributed to some improvement in the quality of services, though inconsistencies in findings across the methods require further research. The paper then identifies lessons learned from introducing M&E in a resource-constrained setting. One key lesson was that a participatory approach to M&E increased people's feelings of ownership of the project and motivated staff to collect and use data for programme decision-making to improve quality. 相似文献
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Lebel Louis Lebel Phimphakan Soe Khin Maung Phuong Nguyen Thanh Navy Hap Phousavanh Phouvin Jutagate Tuantong Akester Michael Lebel Boripat 《Regional Environmental Change》2020,20(3):1-9
Natural protected areas (NPA) are portions of the Mexican territory where the original environment has not been modified and which are protected in order t 相似文献
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Coastal deforestation in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (formerly Burma) is addressed through the promotion of native-species
mangrove plantations on cleared land formerly sustaining natural mangrove forests. To date there are no attempts to determine
the optimal mangrove plantation strategy to maximize economic returns for private or communal plantation owners. We integrated
empirical biological and economic data to suggest optimal mangrove plantation strategies in the region. We censused 4-yr oldAvicennia officinalis mangrove plantations in two townships to calculate survival and growth rates of mangroves planted using different techniques
across an inundation gradient. We used the calculated rates to forecast the production of fuelwood, poles and posts at 10,
13 and 15 yr after establishment. We calculated the compound rate of growth for the three commodities over a 7-yr period,
and then forecast commodity price for the same harvestintervals. Integration of those parameters in our model led us to conclude
that both profit and the internal rate of return would be greatest for plantations of seedlings raised in polyethylene bags
as opposed to bare-root or direct propagule planting. Therefore, the use of potted seedlings should be promoted, despite higher
initial costs. The optimal rotation period varies according to ground level and planting technique. Optimizing economic returns
for coastal plantations does not necessarily require a sacrifice of ecological benefits.
Due to a discrepancy between official conversion quotes and local real value no conversion estimate in USD is given. 相似文献
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Coastal deforestation in the Ayeyarwady Delta, Myanmar (formerly Burma) is addressed through the promotion of native-species
mangrove plantations on cleared land formerly sustaining natural mangrove forests. To date there are no attempts to determine
the optimal mangrove plantation strategy to maximize economic returns for private or communal plantation owners. We integrated
empirical biological and economic data to suggest optimal mangrove plantation strategies in the region. We censused 4-yr oldAvicennia officinalis mangrove plantations in two townships to calculate survival and growth rates of mangroves planted using different techniques
across an inundation gradient. We used the calculated rates to forecast the production of fuelwood, poles and posts at 10,
13 and 15 yr after establishment. We calculated the compound rate of growth for the three commodities over a 7-yr period,
and then forecast commodity price for the same harvest intervals. Integration of those parameters in our model led us to conclude
that both profit and the internal rate of return would be greatest for plantations of seedlings raised in polyethylene bags
as opposed to bare-root or direct propagule planting. Therefore, the use of potted seedlings should be promoted, despite higher
initial costs. The optimal rotation period varies according to ground level and planting technique. Optimizing economic returns
for coastal plantations does not necessarily require a sacrifice of ecological benefits.
Due to a discrepancy between official conversion quotes and local real value no conversion estimate in USD is given. 相似文献
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A century ago, tigers were considered pests in Myanmar. Hunters claimed thousands, yet populations persisted. In the past
century, because of habitat loss and prey depletion, coupled with the recent demand for traditional medicines, tiger populations
have been reduced to a few hundred individuals. As a first step toward long-term planning for tigers, and to guide efforts
to increase protected area coverage, the Myanmar government in 1998 initiated a project to develop a revised National Tiger
Action Plan. Extensive surveys confirmed tigers in only 4 of 17 survey locations. Significant populations are thought to persist
in the far North and far South of the country, where large, intact forests offer the potential for tiger recovery. With partnerships
and collaborations, tiger populations can be protected in the short term (<5 years) by expanding protected areas and corridors,
mobilizing enforcement staff to reduce poaching of tigers and prey, and amending existing wildlife legislation in accordance
with international laws. Over the long term (5–20 years), recovery of Myanmar’s tiger populations will depend on increasing
support from local people, zoning tiger areas to reduce habitat loss and disturbance, and maintaining connectivity of existing
national and transboundary forests. This article reviews the development of a new National Tiger Action Plan for the Union
of Myanmar and discusses a blueprint for conservation measures aimed at saving tigers from extinction. 相似文献
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Graham W. Prescott William J. Sutherland Daniel Aguirre Matthew Baird Vicky Bowman Jake Brunner Grant M. Connette Martin Cosier David Dapice Jose Don T. De Alban Alex Diment Julia Fogerite Jefferson Fox Win Hlaing Saw Htun Jack Hurd Katherine LaJeunesse Connette Felicia Lasmana Cheng Ling Lim Antony Lynam Aye Chan Maung Benjamin McCarron John F. McCarthy William J. McShea Frank Momberg Myat Su Mon Than Myint Robert Oberndorf Thaung Naing Oo Jacob Phelps Madhu Rao Dietrich Schmidt‐Vogt Hugh Speechly Oliver Springate‐Baginski Robert Steinmetz Kirk Talbott Maung Maung Than Tint Lwin Thaung Salai Cung Lian Thawng Kyaw Min Thein Shwe Thein Robert Tizard Tony Whitten Guy Williams Trevor Wilson Kevin Woods Alan D. Ziegler Michal Zrust Edward L. Webb 《Conservation biology》2017,31(6):1257-1270
Political and economic transitions have had substantial impacts on forest conservation. Where transitions are underway or anticipated, historical precedent and methods for systematically assessing future trends should be used to anticipate likely threats to forest conservation and design appropriate and prescient policy measures to counteract them. Myanmar is transitioning from an authoritarian, centralized state with a highly regulated economy to a more decentralized and economically liberal democracy and is working to end a long‐running civil war. With these transitions in mind, we used a horizon‐scanning approach to assess the 40 emerging issues most affecting Myanmar's forests, including internal conflict, land‐tenure insecurity, large‐scale agricultural development, demise of state timber enterprises, shortfalls in government revenue and capacity, and opening of new deforestation frontiers with new roads, mines, and hydroelectric dams. Averting these threats will require, for example, overhauling governance models, building capacity, improving infrastructure‐ and energy‐project planning, and reforming land‐tenure and environmental‐protection laws. Although challenges to conservation in Myanmar are daunting, the political transition offers an opportunity for conservationists and researchers to help shape a future that enhances Myanmar's social, economic, and environmental potential while learning and applying lessons from other countries. Our approach and results are relevant to other countries undergoing similar transitions. 相似文献
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Rachel Dodds Mark Holmes Vichukan Arunsopha Nicole Chin Trang Le Samantha Maung Mimi Shum 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2014,27(3):397-416
The increasing popularity of local food consumption can be attributed to the heightened awareness of food safety concerns, carbon emissions produced from food transportation, and an understanding of how large corporations’ obtain their food supplies. Although there is increasing discussion on both the local and organic food movement independently, there is not a wide availability of literature examining the motivations and perceptions of consumers with regard to farmers’ markets. Issues such as perceptions about what type of food consumers are purchasing at markets, nor the main motivations for frequenting such establishments are discussed. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine consumer motivations, benefits, and perceptions of farmers’ markets. Using the case study location of Toronto, Canada, this study surveyed 300 participants during the fall of 2011. Findings indicated that the main purpose for visiting famers’ markets is not solely to fulfill grocery needs. Quality of products offered and the ability to support the local community were the primary motivators to visit the markets. 相似文献
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