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So Kazama Toshiki Aizawa Toru Watanabe Priyantha Ranjan Luminda Gunawardhana Ayako Amano 《Sustainability Science》2012,7(1):45-54
Flooding and inundation are annual events that occur during the rainy season in Cambodia, and inundation has a strong relationship
with human health. This study simulated the coliform bacteria distribution using a hydraulic model and estimated the impact
of inundation on public health using a dose–response model. The model parameters were calibrated using field survey data from
Cambodia and obtained good agreement with the coliform group count distribution. The results suggest that the impact of inundation
on human health is most noticeable in residential areas. The annual average risk of infection during medium-sized flood events
is 0.21. The risk due to groundwater use ranges from 0.12 to 0.17 in inundation areas and reaches as high as 0.23 outside
the inundation areas. The risk attributed to groundwater use is therefore higher than that for surface water use (0.02–0.06),
except in densely populated areas at the city center. There is a high risk for infection with waterborne disease in residential
areas, and the annual average risk during small flood events is 0.94. An assessment of possible countermeasures to reduce
the risk shows that the control of inundation may bring more risk to public health in Cambodia. Shallower inundation water
(<0.3 m) leads to a higher risk of infection, but if the depth is greater than 2 m, the risk is low in residential areas.
The simulated results explain the spatial distributions of infection risk,, which are vitally important for determining the
highest priority places with relatively high risk and will be helpful for decision makers when considering the implementation
of countermeasures. 相似文献
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Due to the slow rate of incorporation of inert-metal ions into free-base porphyrins compared to other transition metals, several
methods have been proposed to accelerate the rate of metalation. However, these methods have disadvantages such as low yields,
difficulties of purification of final products, and environmental effects. To avoid those disadvantages, we reacted Pt(II)
and Pd(II) salts with H2(TPP), H2(TMPyP)4+, and their β-pyrrole derivatives, H2(Br8TPP) and H2(Br8TMPyP)4+, in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([bmim]+Br−) under microwave irradiation. The combination of microwave heating and ionic liquids provides efficient thermal energy transfer
among the porphyrins and metal salts. In addition, ionic liquids stabilize charged species as well as their intermediates,
due to their high dipole moment and high boiling point. This not only shortens the reaction time but also gives high yields
of products at relatively low temperatures, of about 100°C compared to conventional synthesis methods: 150°C for DMF, 190°C
for DMSO. Here, we demonstrate that Pt(II)/Pt(II) metalloporphyrins are synthesized at high rates, e.g. 6–30 min for 100%
metalation, with high yields of 79–93% in [bmim]+Br− by microwave activation. 相似文献
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