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1.
In developed countries, public–private partnerships involving insurance companies and governments often provide security against the human and economic losses of disasters. These partnerships, however, are neither available nor affordable in most highly exposed developing countries. In this paper we examine recent innovations in financial risk management that extend traditional public–private partnerships to include NGOs, international financial institutions and other donors. Importantly, these partnerships provide secure financial arrangements to low-income communities before disasters strike and thus relieve the uncertainty and anxiety of depending on ad hoc post-disaster aid for recovery and even survival. We examine three examples of extended partnerships: the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool; the Andhra Pradesh microinsurance program and an index-based weather derivative for farmers facing drought in Malawi. 相似文献
2.
Aude Tessier Mélie Sarreau Fanny Pelluard Gwenaelle André Sophie Blesson Martine Bucourt Pierre Dechelotte Laurence Faivre Thierry Frébourg Alice Goldenberg Valérie Goua Corinne Jeanne-Pasquier Fabien Guimiot Annie Laquerriere Nicole Laurent Mathilde Lefebvre Philippe Loget Martine Maréchaud Charlotte Mechler Marie-Josée Perez Jean Christophe Sabourin Alain Verloes Sophie Patrier Anne-Marie Guerrot 《黑龙江环境通报》2016,36(13):1270-1275
3.
We report a case of intrapericardial teratoma following in utero demise at 29 weeks with nonimmune hydrops. The diagnosis was strongly suggested by ultrasound findings and confirmed by fetopathology. The mechanism whereby intrapericardial teratomas may lead to hydrops and death is massive pericardial effusion responsible for compressive tamponade. When prenatal diagnosis is performed before this stage, in utero interventions can obtain decompression, and the birth can be planned with rapid and appropriate management of the neonate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Stefan Hochrainer Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer Reinhard Mechler 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):797-810
This paper examines the legitimacy, viability and efficiency of the European Union Solidarity Fund by asking whether the Fund
meets its stated purpose of providing solidarity within the EU, whether it is sufficiently capitalized and if it promotes
disaster risk reduction in Europe. In examining these questions, we make use of ADAM models of disaster risks throughout Europe.
We conclude that the Solidarity Fund falls short on all three counts, and we suggest possible alternatives. Most far-reaching,
we explore whether the EUSF could support insurance systems in Europe by, among other possible activities, capitalizing national
public-private insurance programs and providing support for government risk transfer. This would leverage the Fund’s capital
and would overcome barriers to the provision of private and public sector insurance in uncertain catastrophe markets. It would
also make insurance more affordable to Europe’s most vulnerable communities. Finally, it would reduce the disincentives for
risk reduction inherent in post-disaster assistance. 相似文献
6.
Victor Cardenas Stefan Hochrainer Reinhard Mechler Georg Pflug Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(1):40-53
In 2006, Mexico became the first transition country to transfer part of its public-sector natural catastrophe risk to the international reinsurance and capital markets. The Mexican case is of considerable interest to highly exposed transition and developing countries, many of which are considering similar transactions. Risk financing instruments can assure governments of sufficient post-disaster capital to provide emergency response, disaster relief to the affected population and repair public infrastructure. The costs of financial instruments, however, can greatly exceed expected losses, and for this reason it is important to closely examine their benefits and alternatives. This paper analyzes the Mexican case from the perspective of the risk cedent (the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit), which was informed by analyses provided by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). The rationale for a government to insure its contingent liabilities is presented along with the fiscal, legal and institutional context of the Mexican transaction. Using publicly available data, the paper scrutinizes the choice the authorities faced between two different risk-transfer instruments: reinsurance and a catastrophe bond. Making use of IIASA's catastrophe simulation model (CATSIM), this financial risk management decision is analyzed within the context of a public investment decision. 相似文献
7.
Derwent RG Stevenson DS Doherty RM Collins WJ Sanderson MG Johnson CE Cofala J Mechler R Amann M Dentener FJ 《Ambio》2005,34(1):54-59
A global three-dimensional Lagrangian chemistry-transport model STOCHEM is used to describe the European regional acid deposition and ozone air quality impacts along the Atlantic Ocean seaboard of Europe, from the SO2, NOx, VOCs and CO emissions from international shipping under conditions appropriate to the year 2000. Model-derived total sulfur deposition from international shipping reaches over 200 mg S m(-2) yr(-1) over the southwestern approaches to the British Isles and Brittany. The contribution from international shipping to surface ozone concentrations during the summertime, peaks at about 6 ppb over Ireland, Brittany and Portugal. Shipping emissions act as an external influence on acid deposition and ozone air quality within Europe and may require control actions in the future if strict deposition and air quality targets are to be met. 相似文献
8.
Sovereign financial disaster risk management: The case of Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Victor Cardenas Stefan Hochrainer Reinhard Mechler Georg Pflug Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer 《Environmental Hazards》2007,7(1):40-53
In 2006, Mexico became the first transition country to transfer part of its public-sector natural catastrophe risk to the international reinsurance and capital markets. The Mexican case is of considerable interest to highly exposed transition and developing countries, many of which are considering similar transactions. Risk financing instruments can assure governments of sufficient post-disaster capital to provide emergency response, disaster relief to the affected population and repair public infrastructure. The costs of financial instruments, however, can greatly exceed expected losses, and for this reason it is important to closely examine their benefits and alternatives. This paper analyzes the Mexican case from the perspective of the risk cedent (the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit), which was informed by analyses provided by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). The rationale for a government to insure its contingent liabilities is presented along with the fiscal, legal and institutional context of the Mexican transaction. Using publicly available data, the paper scrutinizes the choice the authorities faced between two different risk-transfer instruments: reinsurance and a catastrophe bond. Making use of IIASA's catastrophe simulation model (CATSIM), this financial risk management decision is analyzed within the context of a public investment decision. 相似文献
9.
Limited studies have shown that disaster risk management (DRM) can be cost‐efficient in a development context. Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) is an evaluation tool to analyse economic efficiency. This research introduces quantitative, stochastic CBA frameworks and applies them in case studies of flood and drought risk reduction in India and Pakistan, while also incorporating projected climate change impacts. DRM interventions are shown to be economically efficient, with integrated approaches more cost‐effective and robust than singular interventions. The paper highlights that CBA can be a useful tool if certain issues are considered properly, including: complexities in estimating risk; data dependency of results; negative effects of interventions; and distributional aspects. The design and process of CBA must take into account specific objectives, available information, resources, and the perceptions and needs of stakeholders as transparently as possible. Intervention design and uncertainties should be qualified through dialogue, indicating that process is as important as numerical results. 相似文献
10.
In developed countries, public—private partnerships involving insurance companies and governments often provide security against the human and economic losses of disasters. These partnerships, however, are neither available nor affordable in most highly exposed developing countries. In this paper we examine recent innovations in financial risk management that extend traditional public—private partnerships to include NGOs, international financial institutions and other donors. Importantly, these partnerships provide secure financial arrangements to low-income communities before disasters strike and thus relieve the uncertainty and anxiety of depending on ad hoc post-disaster aid for recovery and even survival. We examine three examples of extended partnerships: the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool; the Andhra Pradesh microinsurance program and an index-based weather derivative for farmers facing drought in Malawi. 相似文献