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Because choice is conflict, decision-making is necessarily about conflict resolution. Choices are necessary because the options
are mutually exclusive but the nature of this inherent conflict varies. Typically, these conflicts are multidimensional. In
coasal zones, the complex interactions between systems makes decision-making particularly complex; in particular, environmental
interests are themselves frequently in conflict. In making a choice, it is important to determine why that choice is necessary
in the first place.
There are further conflicts about the objectives to be satisfied by the decision process; between the determination of the
best outcome and the best decision process. Social scientists centre upon the requirement for a fair decision process rather
than upon seeking an optimum outcome. Unlike physical scientists who seek more and better information, social scientists focus
upon the development and maintenance of institutions. 相似文献
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Jim W. Hall Edward P. Evans Edmund C. Penning-Rowsell Paul B. Sayers Colin R. Thorne Adrian J. Saul 《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):51-65
Flood risk to the economy, society and the environment reflects the cumulative effects of environmental and socio-economic change over decades. Long-term scenarios are therefore required in order to develop robust and sustainable flood risk management policies. Quantified national-scale flood risk analysis and expert appraisal of the mechanisms causing change in flood risk have been used to assess flood risk in England and Wales over the period 2030–2100. The assessment involved the use of socio-economic and climate change scenarios. The analysis predicts increasing flood risk unless current flood management policies, practices and investment levels are changed—up to 20-fold increase in economic risk by the 2080s in the scenario with highest economic growth. The increase is attributable to a combination of climate change (in particular increasing precipitation and relative sea level rise in parts of the UK) and increasing socio-economic vulnerability, particularly in terms of household/industrial contents and infrastructure vulnerability. The policy implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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Sayers Paul Penning-Rowsell Edmund C. Horritt Matt 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(2):339-352
Regional Environmental Change - Present day and future social vulnerability, flood risk, and disadvantage across the UK are explored using the UK Future Flood Explorer. In doing so, new indices of... 相似文献
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