碳素纤维在近岸海洋污染物磷酸盐、硅酸盐处理中的应用

对碳素纤维进行氧化改性,利用改性后的碳素纤维处理近岸污染海水,重点研究了改性碳素纤维对海水中活性磷酸盐和活性硅酸盐的吸附作用。考察了碳素纤维液相改性时间、碳素纤维投加量、活性磷酸盐初始浓度、活性硅酸盐初始浓度、吸附时间、海况、pH值等单因素对近岸海洋污染物磷酸盐、硅酸盐吸附效果的影响。研究结果表明:改性碳素纤维对硅酸盐的吸附效果较好,去除率可达70%,对活性磷酸盐的去除率为31%左右。通过正交实验确定改性碳素纤维材料修复模拟近岸海水的优化条件为:碳素纤维改性时间为1.5 h,投加量为0.01 g,硅酸盐初始浓度为3mg/L,磷酸盐初始浓度为20 mg/L,海况为3级,pH值为8,吸附时间为3 h。在此条件下,碳素纤维对磷酸盐的去除率可达31.06%,硅酸盐去除率可达70.88%。     

Radon concentrations in groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains (SW Poland)

In the course of researches into radon occurrence in the groundwaters of the Polish part of the Sudety Mountains, conducted in various research centres in Poland, almost 1000 radon concentration determinations have been collected. These results have given the basis for an attempt to characterise the groundwaters of this region with respect to radon content. Radon concentrations oscillated within the range of 0.2-1645 Bq/dm3, with the arithmetic mean at 240.0 Bq/dm3 and the geometric mean at 106.7 Bq/dm3. The largest number of radon concentrations found in the Sudetic groundwaters ranged between ca. 3-6 and 1000 Bq/dm3. The values over 1000 Bq/dm3 can be considered anomalously high. They constitute 3.9% of all the results and occur around six localities within different geological units of the Sudety Mountains. These are shallow circulation, low mineralised groundwaters, which outflow from gneisses and granites. In the face of the fact that from 12.8% to 72.7% (depending on the adopted norm of maximum radon concentration for drinking waters) of the examined waters cannot be drunk directly without removing at least part of the radon, and in the face of the possibility of recognizing as many as 63.5% of the waters as potentially medicinal, extensive research of radon geochemistry in the Sudety Mountains area should be urgently undertaken.     

Radon and its daughter products behaviour in the air of an underground tourist route in the former arsenic and gold mine in Z?oty Stok (Sudety Mountains, SW Poland).

This paper describes the occurrence of radon and its daughter products in the accessible workings, partially open to the public, in the former arsenic and gold mine in Zloty Stok. The geology of the area and the characteristics of the workings provide the background for explanation of the genesis of radon and its daughter products and of the spatial and temporal variations in their concentrations. The results demonstrate that well-ventilated areas along the tourist route have the lowest values of all the measured parameters and that temporal variations of these parameters are irregular. The highest concentration values for radon (up to 18.50kBq/m3) and its daughter products (up to 14.49kBq/m3) have been recorded in the workings with obstructed natural ventilation. These are the areas where seasonal oscillations in the concentrations of these isotopes have been registered, with the maxima in summer and the minima in winter. These sections of the workings are inaccessible to the casual visitor. Radon is supplied to the workings from the side walls and its concentration is influenced, most of all, by ventilation and the degree of rock fissuring. The reason is the uniform and not very high content of 226Ra in the rocks where the galleries were excavated. Only locally, in the workings of the Gertruda adit lying outside the tourist route, do open fault zones have significant influence on enhanced concentrations of radon and its daughter products. These fault zones constitute effective routes of radon migration to the workings. In spite of this, it must be stated that neither guides nor tourists are exposed to excessive concentrations of radon or its daughter products in the tourist route area. However, the extension of the route to other workings will require the introduction of forced ventilation in order to lower theconcentration of radon and its daughter products. reserved.     

二氧化氯消毒前后污水毒性的变化及消毒条件的影响

采用发光细菌试验和umu试验,分别考察了二氧化氯投加量和反应时间对污水二氧化氯消毒后急性毒性和遗传毒性变化的影响.结果表明,随着二氧化氯消毒剂投加量的增加,消毒后水样的急性毒性不断增大,但遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.随着反应时间的延长,二氧化氯的消耗量不断增大,消毒后水样的急性毒性先增大后减小,遗传毒性逐渐减小后趋于稳定.由于消毒条件对污水急性毒性和遗传毒性有着不同的影响,说明污水中产生急性毒性和产生遗传毒性的物质不同,对于某一种污水,通过控制消毒条件可以使消毒后污水的急性毒性和遗传毒性都较低.     

中国地区多溴联苯醚在不同环境介质中的监测进展

多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)为一类新型的溴代阻燃剂,广泛应用于塑料制品、纺织品、电路板和建筑材料等领域。随着生产量和使用量的增加,PBDEs已造成全球环境污染,其带来的环境问题已引起各国关注。同时PBDEs的长距离迁移性和难降解性,使其在环境介质中进行富集,从而加重污染。归纳了中国地区PBDEs的监测进展,分别从大气、水体、沉积物和土壤中PBDEs的污染水平以及原因进行了分析和探讨。在此基础上,对于我国PBDEs的研究方向提出了展望。     

Mean annual (222)Rn concentration in homes located in different geological regions of Poland: first approach to whole country area

The paper presents the results of year-long measurements of radon (²²²Rn) concentration inside 129 buildings in Poland in relation to the geological conditions of their foundation. The authors took into account the division of the country into tectonic units, as well as the lithology of the rocks forming the bedrock of these buildings. As expected, the highest value of mean annual ²²²Rn concentration (845 Bq/m³) was recorded in a building situated in the area of the Sudetes, while the highest geometric mean (characteristic of the expected log-normal data distribution) was calculated based on measurements from buildings located within the East-European craton, in the area of Mazury-Podlasie monocline, where it reached 231 Bq/m³. Such results reflect geological conditions - the occurrence of crystalline rocks (especially U- and Ra-enriched granites and orthogneisses) on the surface in the Sudetes, and of young post-glacial sediments containing fragments of Scandinavian crystalline rocks, also enriched with U and Ra, in the area of Mazury-Podlasie monocline. However, the least expected result of the investigations was finding out that, contrary to the hitherto widespread belief, none of the major tectonic units of Poland can be excluded from the list of those containing buildings with mean annual ²²²Rn concentration exceeding 200 Bq/m³. The mean annual concentration of radon for all the buildings were much higher than the mean concentration value (49.1 Bq/m³) of indoor radon in Poland quoted so far. These results cast a completely new light on the necessity to perform measurements of radon concentration in residential buildings in Poland, no more with reference to small areas with outcrops of crystalline rocks (especially the Sudetes, being the Polish fragment of the European Variscan belt), but for all the major tectonic units within Poland.     

毒死蜱的微波辅助无极汞灯光降解机理研究

毒死蜱是目前全球应用最广泛的有机磷杀虫剂之一,光化学降解是其主要的环境降解途径.文章研究了毒死蜱在水相中微波辅助无极汞灯(MW-EDML)下光降解过程,并应用LC-MS法对其降解产物进行了鉴定.同时,采用量子化学方法中的密度泛函数方法B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组计算了毒死蜱的量子化学参数,探讨了其光降解特性与分子结...     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.     

2003~2018年干旱对中国森林绿度异常的影响

基于卫星观测和气象再分析数据提取2003~2018年间中国森林绿度异常现象(月尺度LAI长期趋势的累积偏差), 并分析干旱对森林绿度异常影响的时空动态变化, 探究不同森林类型的干旱敏感性.结果表明: ①干旱导致的绿度异常现象频率分布呈现出南高北低的空间格局, 而高强度异常现象主要分布于中国的东北与西南地区.②2003~2018年间绿度异常严重程度呈现显著增加趋势(即绿度异常强度指数下降), 变化率为: -0.06/a(P<0.05), 而绿度异常面积比率下降, 变化率为-0.0049/a.③中国森林对干旱胁迫较为敏感的区域主要分布于云南北部与大兴安岭北部, 这是由区域的地质和气候特点以及植被类型共同作用导致的.④干旱主导区不同森林类型的干旱敏感性依次为: 阔叶林>针叶林>混交林, 绿度异常与SPEI回归斜率依次为1.8>1.3>1.2.⑤针叶林遭受的干旱强度最高, 2003~2018年间统计的SPEI中位数为-1.65, 绿度异常现象也最为严重, 多年绿度异常指数中位数为-1.81, 说明干旱强度而非敏感性主导了森林绿度异常的现象.     

伊逊河流域总磷污染来源解析

2017—2018年TP成为滦河一级支流伊逊河流域的主要污染因子,部分国控断面水质主要以GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅳ类、Ⅴ类为主.为开展伊逊河TP污染定量识别研究,在2017年和2018年伊逊河流域水体TP污染时空特征分析的基础上,从流域磷铁矿工业污染、城镇生活污水、雨水径流、河道内源释放以及农业非点源等方面开展TP污染研究.结果表明:①伊逊河流域上游至下游TP污染程度呈加剧恶化趋势,上游唐三营控制单元污染较轻,下游李台控制单元TP污染最重;丰水期TP污染较重,枯/平水期污染较轻;从年度看,2017年TP污染严重,2018年年均ρ（TP）下降了50.00%.②2017年、2018年伊逊河流域TP污染来源差异显著,2017年磷输入主要来自于磷铁矿工业污染,占比为33.46%;选矿企业整改后,2018年磷输入主要来源变为畜禽养殖和城镇生活污染,二者占比合计为59.91%.针对伊逊河流域TP污染特征,提出伊逊河流域TP污染控制建议:加强选矿企业环境监管,进一步完善监管体系;加强流域水土流失治理,实施矿山披绿;大力实施绿色农业工程,加强畜禽养殖布局优化.