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1.
Nature Articulations in Norwegian Advertising Discourse: A Depoliticized Discourse of Climate Change
This article deals with how nature is articulated in public discourse and more specifically how humans’ relationship to nature is constructed via such articulations. Based on critical cultural analyses of ads presented in a Norwegian context, the article claims articulations of nature serve to a depoliticization of nature, which silence social differences and reduce environmental politics to individual moral action. Several rhetorical patterns of particular relevance to the articulation of nature are discussed, pointing out how disparate, sometimes conflicting, understandings of nature are rhetorically configured and aligned in ways that benefit a global market economy. There is a discursive distancing of nature and everyday life, even as nature remains valorized and very much central to national identity. This constrains citizens’ political engagement and undermines understandings of how to govern nature. 相似文献
2.
Marija Majer Ingi Agnarsson Jens-Christian Svenning Trine Bilde 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2013,100(11):1031-1040
Latitude, rainfall, and productivity have been shown to influence social organisation and level of sociality in arthropods on large geographic scales. Social spiders form permanent group-living societies where they cooperate in brood care, web maintenance, and foraging. Sociality has evolved independently in a number of unrelated spider genera and may reflect convergent evolutionary responses to common environmental drivers. The genus Anelosimus contains a third of approximately 25 described permanently social spider species, eight to nine species that all occur in the Americas. To test for environmental correlates of sociality in Anelosimus across the Americas, we used logistic regression to detect effects of annual rainfall, productivity, and precipitation seasonality on the relative likelihood of occurrence of social and non-social Anelosimus spiders. Our analyses show that social species tend to occur at higher annual rainfall and productivity than non-social species, supporting the hypothesised effects of these environmental variables on the geographical distribution of social species. We did not find support for the hypothesis that permanently social species occur in areas with low precipitation seasonality. High annual precipitation and, to less extent, high productivity favour the occurrence of permanently group-living Anelosimus spiders relative to subsocial and solitary species. These results are partially consistent with previous findings for the Old World spider genus Stegodyphus, where a link between high habitat productivity and sociality was also found. Unlike Anelosimus, however, Stegodyphus typically occur in dry habitats negating a general importance of high precipitation for sociality. Sociality in spiders thus seems to be strongly linked to productivity, probably reflecting the need for relatively high availability of large prey to sustain social colonies. 相似文献
3.
Assessment of sampling and chemical analysis of source-separated organic household waste 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
la Cour Jansen J Spliid H Hansen TL Svärd A Christensen TH 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2004,24(6):541-549
The quality of the waste sampling procedure and chemical analysis was evaluated in a research program on characterization of organic waste obtained after disc screening of source-separated organic household waste. The sampling procedures focused on a truckload of waste and involved several steps of subsampling including shredding, mixing, blending, high-speed-blending, drying and milling prior to analysis of the organic waste with respect to ash content, crude fibers, crude fat, crude protein, sugar, starch, enzyme-digestible organic matter, P, N, C, H, S and calorific value. The statistical evaluation of the procedures involved 10 samples of the same truckload of waste obtained by splitting the sample at each level in the procedure according to a staggered, incomplete nested statistical design. Furthermore, one sample was analysed six times over a period of approximately one year. The statistical evaluation showed that no single step in the sampling procedure contributed with excessive variance and that the variance caused by the sampling procedure was approximately the same as the variance in the chemical analysis observed over a year. The variance varied with the analytical parameter but for most parameters the uncertainty was satisfactorily low (of the order of 3-10% expressed as the relative standard deviation, which is considered to be satisfactory for waste characterization). 相似文献
4.
Janus T Kirkeby Harpa Birgisdottir Trine Lund Hansen Thomas H Christensen Gurbakhash Singh Bhander Michael Hauschild 《Waste management & research》2006,24(1):16-26
A new computer based life cycle assessment model (EASEWASTE) was used to evaluate a municipal solid waste system with the purpose of identifying environmental benefits and disadvantages by anaerobic digestion of source-separated household waste and incineration. The most important processes that were included in the study are optical sorting and pre-treatment, anaerobic digestion with heat and power recovery, incineration with heat and power recovery, use of digested biomass on arable soils and finally, an estimated surplus consumption of plastic in order to achieve a higher quality and quantity of organic waste to the biogas plant. Results showed that there were no significant differences in most of the assessed environmental impacts for the two scenarios. However, the use of digested biomass may cause a potential toxicity impact on human health due to the heavy metal content of the organic waste. A sensitivity analysis showed that the results are sensitive to the energy recovery efficiencies, to the extra plastic consumption for waste bags and to the content of heavy metals in the waste. A model such as EASEWASTE is very suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences of different waste management strategies and technologies, and can be used for most waste material fractions existing in household waste. 相似文献
5.
Trine Lund Hansen Thomas H?jlund Christensen Sonia Schmidt 《Waste management & research》2006,24(2):141-152
Modelling of environmental impacts from the application of treated organic municipal solid waste (MSW) in agriculture differs widely between different models for environmental assessment of waste systems. In this comparative study five models were examined concerning quantification and impact assessment of environmental effects from land application of treated organic MSW: DST (Decision Support Tool, USA), IWM (Integrated Waste Management, U.K.), THE IFEU PROJECT (Germany), ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch, Sweden) and EASEWASTE (Environmental Assessment of Solid Waste Systems and Technologies, Denmark). DST and IWM are life cycle inventory (LCI) models, thus not performing actual impact assessment. The DST model includes only one water emission (biological oxygen demand) from compost leaching in the results and IWM considers only air emissions from avoided production of commercial fertilizers. THE IFEU PROJECT, ORWARE and EASEWASTE are life cycle assessment (LCA) models containing more detailed land application modules. A case study estimating the environmental impacts from land application of 1 ton of composted source sorted organic household waste was performed to compare the results from the different models and investigate the origin of any difference in type or magnitude of the results. The contributions from the LCI models were limited and did not depend on waste composition or local agricultural conditions. The three LCA models use the same overall approach for quantifying the impacts of the system. However, due to slightly different assumptions, quantification methods and environmental impact assessment, the obtained results varied clearly between the models. Furthermore, local conditions (e.g. soil type, farm type, climate and legal regulation) and waste composition strongly influenced the results of the environmental assessment. 相似文献
6.
Chiel Boonstra Trine Dyrstad Pettersen 《生态毒理学报》2004,(3):80-83
许多国家已经采用了在建筑物管理中可以支持决策的环境评价方法.建筑和建造研究与革新国际理事会100工作小组(GIB W100)一直在考察几种这样的环境评价方法的实施.本文介绍的澳大利亚、瑞典、挪威与加拿大的评价工具是为评定现有建筑物设计的.法国与日本的做法也包括了现有建筑物的评价工具.本文简要地讨信纸了每种方法的优缺点.大多数评价方法是把自我评价与一些外部证明(通常与认证有关)结合起来,这就允许各方更加接近址接与评价方法有关的工作并同时确保评价的质量.越来越多的国家正在发展与实施建筑物环境评价方法和评价工具.最近的方法强调了环境问题,不仅是在各种设计阶段的环境问题,而且还有建筑施工期间的环境问题. 相似文献
7.
Comparison of biodegradation of surfactants in soils and sludge-soil mixtures by use of 14C-labelled compounds and automated respirometry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The biodegradability of dodecyl benzene sulphonate (LAS), nonylphenol-di-ethoxylate (NP2EO) and tridecyl-tetra-ethoxylate (LAE) in soil was examined by use of 14C experiments at two concentrations (10 and 400 mg/kg). Increasing the concentration of test chemical from 10 to 400 mg/kg resulted in a decrease in the relative maximum mineralization rate and an increase in the estimated lag times of a factor of approximately 3.5. In sludge-amended soil, the highest expected environmental concentration (just after sludge application) will be around 10 mg/kg for linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), while the concentration of NP2EO and linear alcohol ethoxylates (LAE) will be much lower. However, when using a respirometric method it is necessary to use a higher concentration of test substance in order to detect biodegradation. In our experiment, amendment with anaerobically digested sludge resulted in a decrease in the mineralization of LAS, NP2EO and LAE for all soils. Respirometric experiments were carried out at 400 mg/kg and could be used for estimation of biodegradation potential of LAS, NP2EO and LAE in soil and sludge-amended soil. For LAS, the results obtained from the respirometric experiments were similar to the results obtained in the 14C experiments, whereas NP2EO and LAE showed a faster degradation in the respirometric experiments. 相似文献
8.
Sander Bruun Trine Lund Hansen Thomas H. Christensen Jakob Magid Lars S. Jensen 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2006,11(3):251-265
Source separation, composting and anaerobic digestion, with associated land application, are increasingly being considered
as alternative waste management strategies to landfilling and incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW). Environmental life
cycle assessments are a useful tool in political decision-making about waste management strategies. However, due to the diversity
of processed organic MSW and the situations in which it can be applied, the environmental impacts of land application are
very hard to determine by experimental means. In the current study, we used the agroecosystem model Daisy to simulate a range
of different scenarios representing different geographical areas, farm and soil types under Danish conditions and legislation.
Generally, the application of processed organic MSW resulted in increased emissions compared with the corresponding standard
scenarios, but with large differences between scenarios. Emission coefficients for nitrogen leaching to the groundwater ranged
from 0.03 to 0.87, while those for nitrogen lost to surface waters through tile drains ranged from 0 to 0.30. Emission coefficients
for N2O formation ranged from 0.013 to 0.022 and for ammonia volatilization from 0.016 to 0.11. These estimates are within reasonable
range of observed values under similar conditions. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis showed that the estimates were not
very sensitive to the mineralization dynamics of the processed organic MSW. The results show that agroecosystem models can
be powerful tools to estimate the environmental impacts of land application of processed MSW under different conditions. Despite
this, agroecosystem models have only been used to a very limited degree for this purpose. 相似文献
9.
The Capital Region of Denmark tested the Multi Increment Sampling® (MIS) technology at 14 children's playgrounds in the region to assess whether the method provides representative test results and an improved foundation for risk assessment. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether the previous uses of the playground areas have led to soil contamination that poses a health risk to its current users (children). The unpaved areas of the playgrounds were divided into decision units based on historical data along with the expected patterns of movement from its users. The samples from each unit consisted of 45 to 100 increments were collected from three depths within the upper one‐half meter. Furthermore, triplicate samples were taken from the upper sampling depth in at least one unit for quality control purposes. The investigation results showed excellent consistency between the pollution parameters and contamination levels in different decision units for each playground. The decision units where high levels of soil contamination exist coincide well with the previous site history. The MIS method has proven to be expensive and time consuming. However, in the future it will be easier to implement as we gain more experience with use of this method. ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
10.
Hybholt TK Aamand J Johnsen AR 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(5):1085-1091
The aim of the study was to determine centimeter-scale spatial variation in mineralization potential in diffusely polluted soil. To this end we employed a 96-well microplate method to measure the mineralization of 14C-labeled organic compounds in deep-well microplates and thereby compile mineralization curves for 348 soil samples of 0.2-cm3. Centimeter-scale spatial variation in organic matter and the mineralization of glucose, benzoic acid, and PAHs (phenanthrene and pyrene) was determined for urban road-side soil sampled as arrays (7 × 11 cm) of 96 subsamples. The spatial variation in mineralization was visualized by means of 2-D contour maps and quantified by means of semivariograms. The geostatistical analysis showed that the easily degradable compounds (glucose and benzoic acid) exhibited little spatial variation in mineralization potential, whereas the mineralization was highly heterogeneous for the PAH compounds that require specialized degraders. The spatial heterogeneity should be taken into account when estimating natural attenuation rates. 相似文献